Semantic interference on a phonological task in illiterate subjects

Previous research suggests that learning an alphabetic written language influences aspects of the auditory-verbal language system. In this study, we examined whether literacy influences the notion of words as phonological units independent of lexical semantics in literate and illiterate subjects. Subjects had to decide which item in a word- or pseudoword pair was phonologically longest. By manipulating the relationship between referent size and phonological length in three word conditions (congruent, neutral, and incongruent) we could examine to what extent subjects focused on form rather than meaning of the stimulus material. Moreover, the pseudoword condition allowed us to examine global phonological awareness independent of lexical semantics. The results showed that literate performed significantly better than illiterate subjects in the neutral and incongruent word conditions as well as in the pseudoword condition. The illiterate group performed least well in the incongruent condition and significantly better in the pseudoword condition compared to the neutral and incongruent word conditions and suggest that performance on phonological word length comparisons is dependent on literacy. In addition, the results show that the illiterate participants are able to perceive and process phonological length, albeit less well than the literate subjects, when no semantic interference is present. In conclusion, the present results confirm and extend the finding that illiterate subjects are biased towards semantic-conceptual-pragmatic types of cognitive processing.     

Social effects of an anthropomorphic help agent: humans versus computers.

The purpose of this study was to examine perceptions of fairness of a computer-administered quiz as a function of the anthropomorphic features of the help agent offered within the quiz environment. The addition of simple anthropomorphic cues to a computer help agent reduced the perceived friendliness of the agent, perceived intelligence of the agent, and the perceived fairness of the quiz. These differences were observed only for male anthropomorphic cues, but not for female anthropomorphic cues. The results were not explained by the social attraction of the anthropomorphic agents used in the quiz or by gender identification with the agents. Priming of visual cues provides the best account of the data. Practical implications of the study are discussed.     

皮亚杰的方法论：体系、优势与启示

皮亚杰的方法论体系包括：(1）发生学的理念;(2)“适应”和“运演”的理论解释工具;(3)获取资料的临床访谈法．他以这样的方法论体系而建立起来的理论具有：理性性、解释性、整体性等特征。皮亚杰方法论对我们当前的心理学研究具有启示意义。当前的一些研究在很大程度上,恪守着“实证”与“量化”的规范;却忽视研究主体的理性建构作用。     

听障和听力正常人群空间主导性和空间参照框架的交互作用

通过要求被试分别在近处空间和远处空间完成空间参照框架的判断任务, 考察了听障和听力正常人群空间主导性和空间参照框架的交互作用。结果表明：(1)相对于听力正常人群, 听障人群完成自我参照框架判断任务的反应时更长, 而在完成环境参照框架判断任务无显著差异; (2)听障人群和听力正常人群空间主导性和空间参照框架交互作用呈现出相反模式。研究表明, 听障人群在听力功能受损后, 其空间主导性和空间参照框架的交互作用也产生了变化。     

人际医患信任的概念内涵、正向演变与影响因素

人际医患信任是人际水平上的医患信任, 是医患双方在互动过程中, 相信对方不会做出不利于自己甚至有害于自己行为的一种预期判断和心理状态。理想化的人际医患信任的正向演变可能呈现出由计算型信任到了解型信任, 再到认同型信任这一逐渐深化的过程。社会环境、就医情境与个体特征因素交互作用于医患信任建立与演变的心理机制与过程。未来研究应收集纵向数据探索医患信任的内容维度、影响机制及其演变特征, 并验证医患信任对于医患双方态度与行为的具体作用机制。     

定序变量回归模型在心理数据分析中的应用

定序变量在心理现象和心理数据中随处可见, 采用综合的定序变量回归分析模型可以对“镜像模式”和“漏斗模型”的心理现象做出合理的解释和预测。首先通过非参数检验对影响因素进行初步降维, 其次用Probit定序回归对降维后的影响因素贡献率进行判别, 从而进一步筛选具有显著性判断水平的有效指标, 最后用Logistic回归模型对某种特定的心理现象发生与否进行信息量足够大的解释和预测。大学毕业生工作生活质量满意度的预测对这种综合定序变量回归分析模型的实例拟合, 证实了综合定序变量回归分析模型在心理现象和心理数据分析中的应用价值。     

不同感觉通道的节奏感知及其交互作用

节奏感知是人类独有的认知现象, 听觉在节奏加工中具有优势, 声音节奏可以更好地与肢体运动同步, 但视觉和触觉通道在节奏感知上也有着各自特点并存在广泛的交互作用。视觉通道的节奏感知较弱, 与听觉节奏同时呈现时会受到时间定位上的拉扯, 但通过加入运动信息和增强后天经验可以得到强化; 节奏刺激可以调节注意在时间上的分配使其同步化, 这种调节作用可以单通道或者跨通道地出现; 触动觉与听觉联系紧密, 人们可以通过听触通道的整合对节奏进行高级加工。     

情绪调节策略对推理的影响

研究使用两种推理题作为实验材料.比较了负性情绪诱发状态下情绪调节策略使用与否以及不同情绪调节策略对推理的影响.结果发现,认知重评组的成绩好于表达抑制组和无调节组,存在显著差异;表达抑制组与无调节组之间不存在差异.此外,在表达抑制组上,男生的图形推理成绩好于女生,存在显著的性别差异.因此,个体不同推理任务的成绩与是否使用调节策略、使用什么策略及性别有关.     

坚韧人格量表的编制

通过开放式问卷调查、专家访谈及参考国外同类问卷,结合中国社会文化特点,编制了坚韧人格量表。经过两次施测,对数据分别进行探索性因素分析及验证性因素分析,最终确定坚韧人格量表包含四个维度,共27个项目。数据分析表明,坚韧人格量表具有良好的信度和效度,可以作为人格坚韧性的测量工具。     

Culture and group-based emotions: could group-based emotions be dialectical?

Group-based emotions are experienced when individuals are engaged in emotion-provoking events that implicate the in-group. This research examines the complexity of group-based emotions, specifically a concurrence of positive and negative emotions, focusing on the role of dialecticism, or a set of folk beliefs prevalent in Asian cultures that views nature and objects as constantly changing, inherently contradictory, and fundamentally interconnected. Study 1 found that dialecticism is positively associated with the complexity of Chinese participants’ group-based emotions after reading a scenario depicting a positive intergroup experience. Study 2 found that Chinese participants experienced more complex group-based emotions compared with Dutch participants in an intergroup situation and that this cultural difference was mediated by dialecticism. Study 3 manipulated dialecticism and confirmed its causal effect on complex group-based emotions. These studies also suggested the role of a balanced appraisal of an intergroup situation as a mediating factor.