Tracking Multiple Statistics: Simultaneous Learning of Object Names and Categories in English and Mandarin Speakers

Two experiments were conducted to examine adult learners' ability to extract multiple statistics in simultaneously presented visual and auditory input. Experiment 1 used a cross‐situational learning paradigm to test whether English speakers were able to use co‐occurrences to learn word‐to‐object mappings and concurrently form object categories based on the commonalities across training stimuli. Experiment 2 replicated the first experiment and further examined whether speakers of Mandarin, a language in which final syllables of object names are more predictive of category membership than English, were able to learn words and form object categories when trained with the same type of structures. The results indicate that both groups of learners successfully extracted multiple levels of co‐occurrence and used them to learn words and object categories simultaneously. However, marked individual differences in performance were also found, suggesting possible interference and competition in processing the two concurrent streams of regularities.     

信息量和明显度对规则可获得性的影响

该研究探索了规则的信息量与明显度对规则可获得性的影响。采用改编后的2-4-6任务, 70名大学生参加了两个实验。实验1发现, 规则可获得性除了受到信息量的影响外, 还受到明显度的显著影响; 实验2增加了规则的探测, 发现信息量大、明显度高的规则更容易用语言陈述出来, 而信息量小、明显度低的规则更不容易陈述出来。实验结果启示：信息量大、明显度高的规则可能是一种外显规则, 而信息量小、明显度低的规则可能是一种内隐规则。初步提出了“计算和感知的双加工”模型。     

Girls Study Girls Inc.: Engaging Girls in Evaluation Through Participatory Action Research

Between 2004 and 2007, Girls Incorporated^® conducted research about the experience of five affiliates from different parts of the United States as they engaged with girls in Girls Study Girls Inc., a participatory evaluation project that explored the meaning and impact of Girls Inc. environments and uncovered ways such environments can be improved. We describe the context and motivation for using participatory action research [PAR] in Girls Inc. environments and discuss the relevance and importance of PAR for organizations that empower girls and young women. We explain the process of training and engaging Girls Inc. members in research, discuss the effectiveness of Girls Study Girls Inc. as an evaluation strategy, and conclude this article with lessons learned and recommendations for using PAR in evaluating youth development programs.     

Worldviews and individual vulnerability to suicide: The role of social axioms

Research investigating the role of generalized beliefs about the world or worldviews is relatively scarce in the suicide literature. Two studies, using Hong Kong Chinese samples, examined how worldviews, as assessed by the Social Axioms Survey (SAS), were linked with individual vulnerability to suicide. In Study 1, we investigated the relationships of social axioms with various suicide indicators in cognitive, emotional and interpersonal domains, viz., suicidal ideation, negative self‐esteem, psychache, burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness. Results from canonical correlation analysis showed that beliefs along the axiom dimensions of social cynicism, reward for application, and social complexity were linked to these suicide indicators. In Study 2, we tested the interplay of worldviews and personality traits in the prediction of suicidal thoughts. Hierarchical regression results demonstrated the predictive power of social axioms over and above that provided by the Big Five personality dimensions. Moreover, a significant interaction was observed between belief in reward for application and negative life events in predicting suicidal ideation, showing that reward for application buffered the effect of negative life events on suicidal ideation. Based on these results, we discussed the significance of worldviews as a consideration in suicide research and their implications for clinical assessment and intervention. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

辽以释废:少数民族社会视野下的佛教

在中国佛教史上,辽朝是一个重要的发展阶段。又因辽朝为少数民族建立的政权,佛教在这个社会里呈现出与汉族王朝不同的特点。20世纪以来,辽金史研究领域关于佛教探讨成果颇多,尤李的《辽代佛教研究评述》一文作了全面的回顾和总结。而本文所关注的焦点即"佛教"与"社会"关系,力图把佛教纳入多元的民族社会视野下考察。     

徐复观思想史研究之理论预设的探究与反思——以《中国人性论史(先秦卷)》和《两汉思想史论》若干问题为例

作为一位具有文化情怀和社会承担的现代知识分子,徐复观对儒家的价值理念十分认同.其中国思想史研究即是为了证明儒家传统在价值上的正当性.但是,这种论证采取的乃是一种知识论进路,并且自觉不自觉的将西方关于思想文化的某种论述作为普遍范型用以描述、解读和评价若干重大思想史事实和重要经典,不仅在知识上陷入许多的矛盾,与研究的初衷也可能背道而驰.这种现象实际具有某种普遍性,值得后来者深切反思.     

Investigating the relationship between item exposure and test overlap: Item sharing and item pooling

To date, exposure control procedures that are designed to control item exposure and test overlap simultaneously are based on the assumption of item sharing between pairs of examinees. However, examinees may obtain test information from more than one examinee in practice. This larger scope of information sharing needs to be taken into account in refining exposure control procedures. To control item exposure and test overlap among a group of examinees larger than two, the relationship between the two indices needs to be identified first. The purpose of this paper is to analytically derive the relationships between item exposure rate and each of the two forms of test overlap, item sharing and item pooling, for fixed‐length computerized adaptive tests. Item sharing is defined as the number of common items shared by all examinees in a group, while item pooling is the number of overlapping items that an examinee has with a group of examinees. The accuracy of the derived relationships was verified using numerical examples. The relationships derived will lay the foundation for future development of procedures to simultaneously control item exposure and item sharing or item pooling among a group of examinees larger than two.     

A Case Series of Family-Based Therapy for Weight Restoration in Young Adults with Anorexia Nervosa

This case series aims to examine the preliminary efficacy, acceptability and feasibility of Family-Based Treatment to promote weight restoration in young adults with anorexia nervosa. Four young adults with sub/threshold anorexia nervosa were provided 11–20 sessions of Family-Based Treatment for young adults with pre-, post- and follow-up assessments. At post- and follow-up, 3/4 participants were in the normal weight range, 3/4 were in the non-clinical range on the Eating Disorders Examination and reported being not/mildly depressed. At post-treatment, 2/4 were in the good psychosocial functioning range and by follow-up, 3/4 were in this range. These results suggest that Family-Based Treatment for young adults with anorexia nervosa is a promising treatment.     

Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 in women: a MACS approach to testing for invariance across racial/ethnic groups

This study used data from 3 sites to examine the invariance and psychometric characteristics of the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 across Black, Hispanic, and White mothers of 5th graders (N = 4,711; M = 38.07 years of age, SD = 7.16). Internal consistencies were satisfactory for all subscale scores of the instrument regardless of ethnic group membership. Mean and covariance structures analysis indicated that the hypothesized 3-factor structure of the instrument was not robust across ethnic groups. It provided a reasonable approximation to the data for Black and White women but not for Hispanic women. Tests for differential item functioning (DIF) were therefore conducted for only Black and White women. Analyses revealed no more than trivial instances of nonuniform DIF but more substantial evidence of uniform DIF for 3 of the 18 items. After having established partial strong factorial invariance of the instrument, latent factor means were found to be significantly higher for Black than for White women on all 3 subscales (somatization, depression, anxiety). In conclusion, the instrument may be used for mean comparisons between Black and White women.     

弗罗姆的人本精神分析宗教心理观探析(一)

弗罗姆的人本精神分析宗教心理观具有众多思想来源,其中对其影响最深刻的是弗洛伊德的精神分析学说和马克思早期的异化理论。弗罗姆人本精神分析宗教心理观的基本特点是:从所谓"综合"的折衷主义立场出发,试图消除"权威主义宗教"的传统弊端,建立理想化的"人本主义宗教",以帮助现代人摆脱生存困境,满足现代人在宗教方面的精神需要。其历史贡献在于:克服了弗洛伊德宗教心理观的明显缺陷;使得宗教领域的理性启蒙思想得到弘扬;在宗教类型的具体分析中显示出辩证性。其历史局限表现在:没有摆脱"泛神论"思想的传统束缚;宗教改良的思路带有"乌托邦"色彩;对宗教本质的理解不符合马克思原意。