Antecedents and Outcomes of Older Adults’ Motivations to Volunteer With Experience Corps®

This study examined factors associated with motivations to volunteer among older adults and how these motivations related to the subsequent volunteer experience. Focusing on one large national program, Experience Corps (EC), the authors interviewed 510 volunteers at the time they first volunteered for EC and again after one year of service. Eighty-seven percent were females, with ages ranging from 50 to 93 years. Volunteers were asked why they volunteered for this program; open-ended responses were coded into four types of motivations. Results showed that 33% reported altruistic motives; another 36% reported a mixture of altruistic and self-oriented motives, followed by self-oriented motives (16%) and practical features of the program (15%). Motivational type was regressed on demographic antecedents as well as volunteer history and receiving a stipend. Findings showed that African Americans and males were more likely to be motivated by altruism, whereas non-African Americans were more likely to report volunteering because of practical features of the program. Women were more likely than men to report being motivated by altruistic and self-benefit motives. Thus, recruitment messages regarding the altruistic nature of the volunteer work could be targeted toward older African Americans. Further, appealing to the possibility of doing good for others while doing good for oneself may appeal to older women. In regards to outcomes, motivation type did not affect the volunteer experience, suggesting that retaining volunteers may require different programmatic efforts than recruiting, such as providing supervision and recognizing volunteers’ contributions.     

成人依恋对病理性网络使用的影响:社交自我效能感和孤独感的中介作用

为探讨成人依恋影响病理性网络使用(PIU)的内在机制,采用自陈式问卷调查了483名大学生,通过结构方程模型和bootstrap法考察了社交自我效能感和孤独感在成人依恋与PIU关系中的中介作用。结果表明:(1)孤独感在依恋焦虑和依恋回避对PIU的影响中起中介作用;(2)社交自我效能感和孤独感在依恋回避对PIU的影响中起链式中介作用。研究结论:成人依恋通过社交自我效能感和孤独感的中介作用影响PIU,且依恋焦虑和依恋回避两个维度的中介机制有差异。     

熟练潮-普双言者的语义通达机制:来自通道比较的证据

采用跨语言启动的范畴判断范式,通过2个实验,考察了熟练潮-普双言者在听觉通道内和听-视跨通道条件下的语义通达机制。结果发现,无论是以潮州话词语为启动词,还是以普通话词语为启动词,当词对具有高语义相关时,启动词均对目标词产生了显著的跨语言启动效应;在听觉通道内,两种语言之间的启动量无差异,而在听-视跨通道条件下,L2对L1的启动量显著大于L1对L2的启动量。这些结果表明,熟练潮-普双言者共享语义(概念)表征,词汇表征既相互独立又互相联系,L1与L2的词汇均能直接通达语义表征,但其联系强度及其相互之间的词汇表征联系强度均存在通道差异性。整个研究结果支持Kroll等人的修正分级模型。     

Effect of Acceptance Expectations on the Employment Development of Individuals With Disabilities: The Self‐Fulfilling Prophecy Applied

The author examined what and how factors affect the employment status of Taiwanese college students with disabilities in the 1st year after graduation. The results demonstrated that (a) perceived acceptance by society and the employment market (ASEM) was the major factor affecting the employment status of individuals with disabilities (IWDs); (b) perceived ASEM influenced IWDs' psychological states, attitudes, and life‐planning styles, as well as their attitudes and strategies in job searching; and (c) the effect of IWDs' acceptance expectations on their employment development can be explained by the self‐fulfilling prophecy.     

Care,Narrativity, and the Nature of Disponibilité

This paper attempts to make more explicit the relationship between narrativity and feminist care ethics. The central concern is the way in which narrativity carries the semantic load that some accounts of feminist care ethics imply but leave hanging. In so doing, some feminist theorists of care‐based ethics then undervalue the major contribution that narrativity provides to care ethics: it carries the semantic load that is essential to the best care. In this article, I defend the narrative as the central medium though which we make sense of and communicate our lives and their attendant hopes and cares. More than just working with the narrative of the cared‐for, caring is about investing in the narrative of the cared‐for in order to meet the needs of this cared‐for and how this narrative might turn out. I will further demonstrate how the attitude of caring or investing in a narrative would amount to what Gabriel Marcel has described as the attitude of disponibilité.     

认知控制子成分与客观风险对信任行为的影响

研究通过三个实验,在控制客观风险高低的同时,分别对刺激—反应一致性、任务转换和工作记忆负载进行操纵。结果发现,抑制控制在反应时上表现出差异,刺激—反应一致条件下被试做出信任的反应时更快;认知灵活性和工作记忆刷新在信任率上表现出差异,不转换条件和低工作记忆负载条件下被试的信任率更高。结果表明,抑制控制主要影响反应组织过程,认知灵活性和工作记忆刷新则会影响个体的信任决策过程。此外,客观风险对信任行为的影响表现出跨情境一致性,低风险条件下信任率更高。     

从花溪档案馆所藏之民国档案看抗战时期青岩佛教的六个特点

本文根据花溪档案馆所藏民国档案中关于青岩佛教的记载,揭示了抗日战争时期青岩佛教的六个特点:诸教并存佛教最盛、佛教寺庙小而众多、管理不善纠纷频繁、响应号召积极抗日、创办医院利益群生、二僧和尚不让须眉。     

针灸学实践体系与理论体系的独立性——兼论针灸学作为一级学科所具备的内在条件

讨论了针灸学实践体系与理论体系的独立性,以及针灸学作为一级学科所具备的内在条件。针灸学目前还是二级学科,这一地位与其自身的价值和影响力并不相称,也严重制约了针灸学的发展。但针灸学能否成为一级学科,外部的认知只能算是从属条件,最根本的条件取决于针灸学的实践体系与理论体系是否独立于其他一级学科。分析得出如下结论：针灸学从实践体系到理论体系,再到治疗原理的深层次本质,处处都与以中医内科学为代表的中药治疗体系存在着巨大差异,这种体系间的巨大差异性决定了针灸学具备作为一级学科的内在条件。

     

生命伦理学面临的新挑战

生命伦理学的兴起是在现代生物医学进步和社会发展的背景下,传统与现代道德观念之间发生了冲突,另一方面,现代生物医学技术和生命科学一系列革命性发展也引发前所未有的伦理争论。自1953年DNA双螺旋结构确立,基因技术取得重大突破,到20世纪60年代现代临床医学技术（如体外受精、器官移植、生命维持等）的应用极大地扩展医学能力的同时,也引发了诸多新的道德难题和伦理困惑。时至今日,医学技术越来越多地成为对社会需要的反应,而不仅仅是对疾病的反应,医疗卫生制度的结构、筹资和管理机制越来越影响着医疗活动,这一切都对生命伦理学构成了新的挑战。