Factores espacio-semánticos y tipicidad en conductas de clasificación e inclusión

Resumen

Este trabajo analiza la incidencia de los factores espacio-semánticos y de tipicidad en el comportamiento clasificatorio y en la relación inclusiva en niños de diferentes edades. En el experimento I, los resultados muestran, por una parte, que la mayoría de los niños, a partir de los. 6 años, tienden a construir colecciones, en vez de categorizar el material presentado mediante criterios taxonómicos, y, por otra, que el éxito infantil mejora notoriamente en las pruebas de inclusión en la condición de colección, siendo irrelevante el papel de la funcionalidad. Los resultados del experimento II confirman la relevancia de los factores espacio-semánticos, mientras que los efectos de la tipicidad se manifiestan con cierta claridad en las conductas de clasificación, pero no en las tareas de inclusión.     

On Some Affinities of Morin’s Complex Thinking with That of Chinese Classic Philosophy

Morin (1921) founded the complex mode of thinking in order to remedy the defects of the Western classic simple mode of thinking. In doing so, he approached to some degree the mode of thinking inherent to the Eastern civilization. This article elucidates that for some principles of Morin's complex thinking, such as correlation of opposites, recursive causality, and union of unity of multiplicity, there were similar ideas in Chinese classic philosophy. This shows that the complex paradigm of thinking, in a certain point of view, will be the fusion of Western and Eastern cultural factors. Besides, in integrating his theory of complexity with the reality of our time to find out solutions to the issues of globalization, Morin has become one of the representative thinkers of the planetary age of humankind.     

Searching for emotion or race: Task-irrelevant facial cues have asymmetrical effects

Facial cues of threat such as anger and other race membership are detected preferentially in visual search tasks. However, it remains unclear whether these facial cues interact in visual search. If both cues equally facilitate search, a symmetrical interaction would be predicted; anger cues should facilitate detection of other race faces and cues of other race membership should facilitate detection of anger. Past research investigating this race by emotional expression interaction in categorisation tasks revealed an asymmetrical interaction. This suggests that cues of other race membership may facilitate the detection of angry faces but not vice versa. Utilising the same stimuli and procedures across two search tasks, participants were asked to search for targets defined by either race or emotional expression. Contrary to the results revealed in the categorisation paradigm, cues of anger facilitated detection of other race faces whereas differences in race did not differentially influence detection of emotion targets.     

Effects of long-term meditation practice on attentional biases towards emotional faces: An eye-tracking study

Attentional biases towards affective stimuli reflect an individual balance of appetitive and aversive motivational systems. Vigilance in relation to threatening information reflects emotional imbalance, associated with affective and somatic problems. It is known that meditation practice significantly improves control of attention, which is considered to be a tool for adaptive emotional regulation. In this regard, the main aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of meditation on attentional bias towards neutral and emotional facial expressions. Eyes were tracked while 21 healthy controls and 23 experienced meditators (all males) viewed displays consisting of four facial expressions (neutral, angry, fearful and happy) for 10 s. Measures of biases in initial orienting and maintenance of attention were assessed. No effects were found for initial orienting biases. Meditators spent significantly less time viewing angry and fearful faces than control subjects. Furthermore, meditators selectively attended to happy faces whereas control subjects showed attentional biases towards both angry and happy faces. In sum we can conclude that long-term meditation practice adaptively affects attentional biases towards motivationally significant stimuli and that these biases reflect positive mood and predominance of appetitive motivation.     

A Program Intervention for Pediatric Bipolar Disorder: Preliminary Results

The effectiveness of a behaviorally based day treatment program for young children diagnosed with Pediatric Bipolar Disorder (PBD) was evaluated using pretreatment and posttreatment mean scores from the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Data were evaluated in aggregate and using the clinically significant change method for children diagnosed with PBD, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Adjustment Disorder, and no diagnosis/clinical and subclinical groups. Significant effects were found for all groups except the no diagnosis/subclinical group on the Internalizing scale and for all groups on the Externalizing scale. Clinically significant change was supported for the PBD, ADHD, ODD, and Adjustment Disorder groups. Implications and limitations of the study are discussed.     

Clarifying Construct Validity: Definitions,Processes, and Models

Despite definitions in standard sources, personnel managers, psychologists, and psychometricians persistently encounter problems that are best referred to as the ambiguous nature of validity. The purpose of this article is to pro- vide an overview of construct validity and personnel testing, to demonstrate its practical utility, and to clarify with concrete examples certain theories and models, as well as to illustrate the meaning of the terminology used by com- mentators on the topic. A brief historical overview of testing and validation is presented; the progress of construct validity and its acceptance by various sec- tors of society is discussed parsimoniously in the section The Seven Wonders of Personnel Psychology. In the past, personnel psychologists have not done a very good job of understanding the constructs that underlie test perform- ance. Some new approaches can help to correct this. A process should be rou- tinely used on all tests in order to develop an understanding of the constructs that underlie performance on an employment test; only by knowing the cor- rect criterion and method of measuring it can we ascertain the intrinsic valid- ity of our measures.     

A multilevel job demands–resources model of work engagement: Antecedents,consequences, and boundary conditions

ABSTRACT

Grounded on the Job Demands–Resources model, the present study conducted 2 studies to test a multilevel model of work engagement. Using data from 606 leader–employee pairs taken from 40 gas stations of a petroleum company, and a 3-wave data from 145 service teams and 542 leader–employee pairs from a variety of service organizations, convergent evidence suggested that (a) the unit leaders’ autonomy-support climate and psychological capital lead to service performance through work engagement and (b) psychological capital could attenuate the positive effect of unit leaders’autonomy-support climate on work engagement. In addition, the unit leaders’ autonomy-support climate acts as a job resource for boosting work engagement when both workloads and emotional demands or job insecurity are high.     

The Roles of Semantic Sense and Form-Meaning Connection in Translation Priming

The Psychological Record - This study examines semantic sense and form-meaning connection across the bilingual’s languages as factors behind translation priming asymmetry, which refers to...     

Relational Self-Construal and its Relationship to Academic Citizenship Behavior

Despite the abundance of research on personality traits and citizenship behavior, no study has examined the role of relational self-construal, which is a self-definition based on one’s close relationships. We hypothesized that relational self-construal would be positively related to academic citizenship behaviors, and that this association would remain significant while controlling for sex and agreeableness. In the study, 2,222 college undergraduates completed a self-report questionnaire measuring their relational self-construal, sex, personality, and academic citizenship attitudes. The results also confirmed the hypothesis that relational self-construal is positively related to some academic citizenship behaviors while controlling for sex and agreeableness. Specifically, relational self-construal was associated with consideration and civic virtue, but not with other citizenship behaviors.