日本侵略战争中的宗教动员

一、日本神道教的宗教动员在历次侵略战争中,日本军国主义政府以神道教为国教,发动佛教及其他宗教实施宗教动员。1.神道教的宗教动员思想神道教主张“神国日本”在世界上的绝对优越性,具有领导全世界的责任和神圣使命感。天皇是创造日本国的天照大神的直系子孙,具有神权,是日本唯一正统的统治者,国民必须对天皇绝对崇敬和绝对服从。而且臣民必须“忠于天皇”、“敬神崇祖”、“灭私奉公”,甚至要求“一旦如有缓急,当义勇奉公,以扶翼天壤无穷之皇运”,即要求一旦遇有战争等非常事态,要为天皇制国家卖命。而以天皇名义发动的战争则是“圣战”,…     

神钟与道教

中国古钟源远流长,从石器时代的陶钤算起已有五六千年的历史,它不仅有形、有义、还有声,严格来说,钟不仅有一种声,还有阴阳多种声,而更有趣的是,与这声相和的,是天地间的吟咏和人世间的吟咏,这种大小吟咏相和,居然和谐共存了两三千年的历史,这大概也就是至今人们吟咏相和乐此不     

Large-scale neural network for sentence processing

Our model of sentence comprehension includes at least grammatical processes important for structure-building, and executive resources such as working memory that support these grammatical processes. We hypothesized that a core network of brain regions supports grammatical processes, and that additional brain regions are activated depending on the working memory demands associated with processing a particular grammatical feature. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to test this hypothesis by comparing cortical activation patterns during coherence judgments of sentences with three different syntactic features. We found activation of the ventral portion of left inferior frontal cortex during judgments of violations of each grammatical feature. Increased recruitment of the dorsal portion of left inferior frontal cortex was seen during judgments of violations of specific grammatical features that appear to involve a more prominent working memory component. Left posterolateral temporal cortex and anterior cingulate were also implicated in judging some of the grammatical features. Our observations are consistent with a large-scale neural network for sentence processing that includes a core set of regions for detecting and repairing several different kinds of grammatical features, and additional regions that appear to participate depending on the working memory demands associated with processing a particular grammatical feature.     

Psychopathy and comorbidity in a young offender sample: taking a closer look at psychopathy's potential importance over disruptive behavior disorders

The authors examined the construct of psychopathy as applied to 130 adolescent offenders using 3 psychopathy measures and a broad range of DSM-TV Axis I diagnoses and psychosocial problems. Measures used in the study included the following: (a) Psychopathy Checklist-Youth Version, (b) Antisocial Process Screening Device, (c) a modified version of the Self-Report Psychopathy-II scale, and (d) the Adolescent Psychopathology Scale. Results from this study offer incremental support for the construct validity of psychopathy in youth. Psychopathy evidenced better convergent and discriminant validity results than did the disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs) such as oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD). Despite this finding, psychopathy scales nonetheless correlated with other forms of psychopathology at a higher rate than was expected, suggesting that comorbidity is high even when psychopathy is used as a classification scheme. Also, hierarchical multiple regression was used to determine whether psychopathy offered an improvement in the prediction of previous violent and nonviolent offenses. The results for the current study were mixed, with only the PCL-YV significantly predicting previous violent and nonviolent offenses beyond the DBDs. The findings indicate that psychopathy may offer incremental improvement over DBDs with regard to level of comorbidity and perhaps even prediction. However, simply extending the adult construct of psychopathy to youth without considering the array of psychopathology that may accompany adolescent psychopathy could be misleading.     

Assessing the Burdens of Leadership: Effects of Formal Leadership Roles on Individual Performance Over Time

This study adopted a role-based perspective in examining whether changes in performance over time (i.e., dynamic criteria) were a function of changes in individual leadership role responsibilities. Longitudinal data from captains in the modern era of the National Hockey League ( N = 201) were used to test a dynamic criterion hypothesis using multilevel growth modeling. Time ( k = 10) was modeled as a random effect, whereas captain status (i.e., leadership role responsibility) was included as a time-varying covariate. Individual performance was measured as the adjusted points (goals scored plus assists adjusted for individual and historical effects). Results of a series of model building steps that included the examination of alternative complex error structures indicated an overall negative performance trend. Those seasons in which a player assumed formal leadership responsibilities (i.e., team captain) were associated with better performance compared to seasons in which the player had no leadership responsibilities. These results were found to be robust even after controlling for individual performance in the previous season. Results are discussed in terms of the possible positive implications for individual performance and the motivation to lead through developing a culture in which leadership positions are highly valued by the organization, visible to others on the team, and where leadership responsibilities do not interfere with task performance.     

王阳明思想中的“身体”隐喻

本文首先揭示了王阳明对身体的两种基本样式的区分 ,然后从身体的七个具体的存在面向考察阳明身体隐喻的使用 ,以期通过此“第二序”的论说方式之反思 ,而阐发阳明乃至宋明儒家运思的能近取譬特征     

Word form encoding in mandarin Chinese typewritten word production: Evidence from the implicit priming task

Employing the implicit priming task, we examined whether Chinese words that shared the initial onset consonant could be typed, using the phonetic-based method (called zhuyin), with faster response times than words that did not share the initial onset consonant. We also examined the effect of sharing the initial tonal syllable. A significant onset preparation effect and a significant syllable preparation effect were both observed. The latter was found to vary linearly with the number of segments in the syllable. The slope of 63 ms was similar to the 70-ms onset effect, suggesting that the syllable effect was segment-based. The results contrasted with the lack of an onset effect previously reported for speaking, and were interpreted as supporting the output constraint hypothesis which states that the kind of outputs a production system is designed to produce (speaking vs. typing) can flexibly and adaptively alter the way the system is organized and operates.     

The automatic access of emotion: Emotional Stroop effects in Spanish–English bilingual speakers

The emotional Stroop task provides an experimental measure of selective attention to emotional information. In the current study, the emotional Stroop effect was examined in a Spanish–English bilingual speaking population. The results revealed that the emotional Stroop effect is a robust phenomenon and replicable within a bilingual population. Furthermore, highly proficient bilinguals demonstrated equal interference effects in both their first language and their second language. The current study provides evidence of the automatic activation of emotional components in words appearing in more than one language. These results are discussed with reference to previous findings in the literature on bilingual emotion word representation.     

A multilevel job demands–resources model of work engagement: Antecedents,consequences, and boundary conditions

ABSTRACT

Grounded on the Job Demands–Resources model, the present study conducted 2 studies to test a multilevel model of work engagement. Using data from 606 leader–employee pairs taken from 40 gas stations of a petroleum company, and a 3-wave data from 145 service teams and 542 leader–employee pairs from a variety of service organizations, convergent evidence suggested that (a) the unit leaders’ autonomy-support climate and psychological capital lead to service performance through work engagement and (b) psychological capital could attenuate the positive effect of unit leaders’autonomy-support climate on work engagement. In addition, the unit leaders’ autonomy-support climate acts as a job resource for boosting work engagement when both workloads and emotional demands or job insecurity are high.     

Phase stability of Al3Nb as a function of nickel additions

Abstract

Phase stability of the intermetallic compound Al₃Nb is investigated as a function of nickel additions by band structure calculations based on an extended Hueckel tight-binding method. With this method, the electronic structure and total energies of the Al_6-n -Ni _n Nb₂ compounds (where n is an integer from 0 to 6) are calculated for both D0₂₂ and L1₂ structures under the assumption that nickel substitutes for aluminium. The electronic total energies obtained from integration of the energy states of all electrons considered have shown that the D0₂₂ structure is stable in the binary Al₃Nb compound as compared with the L1₂ structure; conversely, the L1₂ structure is stable for compounds with n values greater than 1. These calculations are in good agreement with X-ray diffraction results reported by Schubert and co-workers. Differences in the electronic total energy per atom between D0₂₂ and L1₂ are - 0·79 eV and 0·56 eV for n equal to 0 and 2, respectively.