Two masked priming experiments were conducted to examine the activation of morphemic forms and meanings during opaque word processing. In Experiment 1, opaque primes significantly facilitated the recognition of transparent targets, which was consistent with previous results. However, transparent primes did not influence the recognition of opaque targets. This asymmetry could not be explained solely by morpho-orthographic processing, but it was consistent with models that have assumed early morpho-semantic activation. Experiment 2 directly tested whether the meanings of the constituent morphemes in opaque words were activated. In the critical condition, the targets were unrelated to the opaque primes at the lexical level, but were semantically related to their morphemes (e.g., “butterfly–bread”). Facilitation was observed in this condition, providing strong evidence of morpho-semantic activation during opaque-word recognition. These findings indicate that although initial morphological decomposition is determined by surface morphological form, it does not necessarily imply that morphemic meanings will be activated at later stages of processing. Rather, the morphemic meanings may be available automatically once segmentation is complete. 相似文献
In previous studies, a physical response-distance effect was found in the two-choice Stroop color-identification task, with the Stroop effect being larger when the two response keys were physically close together than when they were far apart. In the present study, we found a conceptual response-distance effect, with the Stroop effect being larger when the response keys were conceptually close (labeled as “5” and “6”) than when they were conceptually far (labeled as “1” and “9”). Moreover, a response-distance effect due to pure physical distance was not evident; rather, the effect was found only when additional keys were placed between the two far response keys. These results are in agreement with a view that response keys are coded as action goals, with farther conceptual distance and additional keys helping distinguish the action goals. The results are difficult to reconcile with accounts that place emphasis on the physical separation of the effectors or their inanimate extensions. 相似文献
The trajectories of behavioral problems have not been fully elucidated to date, particularly in the Chinese cultural context. This study attempted to delineate the trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems and their predictors for Chinese children based on a longitudinal study. Three waves of data were collected from parent-reported questionnaires from a survey sample of 520 Chinese parents who had children aged 4 to 7 years. Unconditional and conditional growth mixture modeling was conducted in the study. The results showed that trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems were heterogeneous in children 4 to 7, including Stable and Low pattern and Decreased pattern. The children’s gender, the number of children, and caregivers’ education levels predicted trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems. These findings suggest that internalizing and externalizing problems may have different trajectories, and prevention strategies should be implemented based on specific subtypes. Additionally, the findings highlight that many more longitudinal studies should be conducted concerning the internalizing and externalizing problems and to examine their trends.
Given the prevalence of imagery appeals in today’s marketplace, the current research studies the role of mental imagery in how consumers process and react to advertisements with different numbers of ad claims. Past research has proposed “three” as the magical number of ad claims that maximizes persuasion, with more than three ad claims increasing skepticism and reducing evaluation. In the current research, we replicate this so-called “charm of three” effect, but only when consumers do not engage in mental imagery; when they do, however, we find that the effect is moderated, in that more ad claims beyond three produces more favorable product evaluation. Additionally, we provide evidence that the moderating effect of mental imagery is driven by transportation and skepticism toward the ad claims, with mental imagery increasing transportation and decreasing skepticism when there are more than three ad claims. Our research contributes to a better understanding of the “charm of three” effect, its boundary conditions, and underlying mechanism. 相似文献
Journal of Child and Family Studies - In this study, we examined the relationship continuity between parent–child relationships and friendships. Based on the theoretical framework of the... 相似文献
Applied Research in Quality of Life - Is the Easterlin paradox lost, or has it been regained? Scholars have started to debate this topic in recent years. This paper explores the association between... 相似文献