自上而下注意控制的脑成像研究进展

自上而下的注意控制是调节人类各种认知活动的一种重要执行功能,本文从三个方面总结了该领域内脑成像研究的新进展：(1)自上而下注意控制的脑机制;(2)不同种类的注意控制脑机制的一致性;(3)自上而下的注意控制对其它皮层中神经活动的影响。     

青少年身体自我的发展特点和性别差异研究

对1699名青少年学生用自编具有较好信度和效度指标的身体自我量表进行测试。结果表明：青少年学生对身体的满意度从“最满意”到“最不满意”依次是负面特征、相貌特征、性特征、运动特征和身材特征,随年龄的增长其发展呈现波动性,青春期早期和中期呈明显下降趋势,青春期后期有缓慢上升;身体自我在相貌特护、身材特征、性特征、负面特征方面都存在显著的性别差异,男生比女生对身体更满意;城市学生比农村学生对自己的身体更满意。     

学术界不应该吹捧风水术

1月27日,中国无神论学会和本刊编辑部邀请部分建筑、地质和传统文化研究的专家,召开了关于风水迷信问题的学术研讨会。研讨会上,有关专家对于风水迷信近年来的沉渣泛起表示了深深的忧虑。我们选编了他们的一些发言,并希望这个问题能够引起有关部门的高度重视。在这些忧虑之中,对某些所谓专家、学者行为的忧虑,是重要的内涵。因为正是某些专家、学者,把风水说成是建筑上的环境科学,是优秀的传统文化。这就给腐败的官员、行骗的风水先生提供了所谓理论根据。二十多年前特异功能兴起的时候,也是先有一帮所谓专家学者作出理论论证,一些官员表示支持。历史是何其相似,风水看来就要热到社会上层了。为了说明风水到底是什么,会后我们又组织有关学者,标点、翻译了古代有关风水迷信的代表性文献。这些文献告诉我们,如今被某些人鼓吹的“风水”,是一个有特定含义的概念。其特定含义就是讲葬地决定活人吉凶祸福。这里的“风水”,根本不是什么背风向阳,依山傍水之类的风水。某些人故意扩大风水的内容,只是为了给风水迷信披上科学的、合法的外衣。我们希望这里的文章和材料能够帮助某些人清醒一些。     

Entstehung und Verlauf der Panikstörung

Zusammenfassung Das Konzept der Panikstörung ging ursprünglich auf neurobiologische Modellvorstellungen zurück, die rasch von verhaltenstherapeutischen Ansätzen aufgegriffen und differenziert wurden, während die Rezeption durch psychoanalytische Ansätze zurückhaltend erfolgte. In dieser Übersicht werden aktuelle neurobiologische, verhaltenstherapeutische und psychodynamische Modelle dargestellt. Neurobiologische Ansätze beschreiben die zentrale und periphere Fehlsteuerung des Stresshormonsystems. Verhaltenstherapeutische Modelle erklären die Aufrechterhaltung der Störung durch konditionierte Furchtreaktionen, Fehlinterpretation körperlicher Sensationen bzw. dispositionale Angstsensitivität. Neuere psychodynamische Konzepte beschreiben mangelnde Toleranz für intensive Affekte und Trennungserfahrungen aufgrund unsicherer Objektbeziehungsrepäsentanzen als Ursachenfaktoren für Panik. Sie schaffen damit Verbindungen zu tierexperimentellen und neurobiologischen Studien, die die Bedeutung vorzeitiger Trennungserfahrungen für lebenslang erhöhte Stressreagibilität und Furchtsamkeit herausgearbeitet haben. Neurobiologische, verhaltenstherapeutische und psychodynamische Ansätze ergänzen sich beim Verständnis dieses heterogenen Krankheitsbildes.     

干扰条件与情绪启动关系的实验研究

在线索提示范式下,设置无干扰条件和干扰条件的阈上和阈下情绪启动,以此考察干扰条件与情绪启动的关系.研究发现:在无干扰条件与干扰条件下均存在显著的阈上情绪启动和阈下情绪启动,并且干扰条件下阈上情绪启动程度明显降低而阈下情绪启动程度不受影响.文章从情绪启动与注意关系的角度讨论了干扰条件与情绪启动的这种表现对于理解情绪启动加工属性及意识与无意识分离现象的意义.     

视觉归纳概括的加工机制与策略

给22名被试呈现若干组在外形与纹路上变化的电池图片,要求指出何种类型的电池有电.结果发现,被试会快速觉察电池的共享特征并概括出一般性的结论.如若电池间无共享特征,被试则需较长时间才给出"无法概括"的反应.共享纹路时,被试在"共享-无干扰"条件下的反应明显快于 "共享- 有干扰"条件下的反应,体现出假设形成与验证的过程.共享特征为外形的反应时短于共享特征为纹路的反应时 ,这说明被试在任务中采用的是整体优先的加工策略.     

数学应用题心理表征的研究现状与动态

心理表征是问题解决的关键,该文阐述了在数学应用题中心理表征的理论,探讨了心理表征的内部影响因素,最后总结了目前在应用题心理表征的研究中,心理学家们关注的一些问题.     

Affect Intensity and Risk Preference in Life-Saving Decisions

The current studies investigated the influence of affect intensity on risk preference in life-saving decisions. Results from 4 experiments found that people are more risk-seeking when affect intensity is higher. This effect occurs in both gain and loss framing conditions (Study 2 and Study 3) and is robust in both between-subject design (Studies 1–3) and within-subject design (Study 4). The effect holds for saving human lives (Study 1 and Study 4), as well as for saving animal lives (Study 2 and Study 3). The results generalize from laboratory hypothetical settings (Studies 1–3) to simulations of a fire emergency (Study 4). Finally, the results from American samples (Studies 1–3) are replicated using a Chinese sample (Study 4). In addition, Study 5 demonstrates that the manipulations used in these experiments have an effect on affect intensity while not influencing alternative explanatory variables. The effect size for risk preference rises and falls with the effect size for manipulations.     

Stereotypical thinking as a mediating factor in the association between exposure to terror and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among Israeli youth

Background and Objectives: The negative impact of exposure to terror on mental health, as well as on the perceptions of each side of the conflict toward the other, is well-documented. However, the association between stereotyping, concomitant with perceived threat, and anxiety, was rarely investigated. The current study examined information processing attributes and exposure to terror as predictors of PTSD symptoms among youth at inter-group conflict, with stereotypical thinking toward a threatening out-group as a possible mediator. Design: Cross-sectional, with exposure to terror, need for cognitive structure (NCS), efficacy at fulfilling the need for closure (EFNC) and self-esteem, predicting stereotypical thinking and PTSD symptoms. Method: Ninth graders (N?=?263) from two residential areas in Israel, varying in their degree of exposure to terror, responded to a self-report questionnaire tapping the above variables. Results: Stereotypical thinking was found to mediate the association between exposure to terror and PTSD symptoms, but not the association between the NCS and EFNC interaction and PTSD symptoms. Conclusions: The findings support terror management theory, so that a negative and rigid perception makes it difficult to construct coherent world-view, thus contributing to aggregation of existential anxiety and PTSD symptoms.     

Collateral Reports and Cross-Informant Agreement about Adult Psychopathology in 14 Societies

To advance international mental health assessment, instruments that have been internationally validated are needed. To this end, we analyzed ratings from 14 societies on the Adult Behavior Checklist (ABCL), a collateral-report form parallel to the Adult Self-Report (ASR; Achenbach and Rescorla 2003) for ages 18 to 59. Both the ABCL and the ASR assess problems, personal strengths, and adaptive functioning. For a sample of 8322 see note below collaterals, we found strong consistency across societies regarding which ABCL problem items tended to obtain relatively low, medium, or high ratings. Most societal effect sizes (ESs) for problem scale scores were small to medium (< 13.9 %), but the ES for the ABCL Personal Strengths scale was 25 %. For most of the same participants (N = 8,302), we analyzed cross-informant agreement between self-reports on the ASR and collateral reports on the ABCL. Cross-informant correlations for problem scale scores averaged .47, with considerable societal variation. Problem score means were higher on the ASR than the ABCL in every society, but the size of the difference varied across societies. Mean item ratings on the ABCL and ASR were highly correlated within every society (mean r = .92), but within-dyad item rating agreement varied widely in every society (mean r = .39). In all societies, non-corroboration of self-reported deviance and of collateral-reported deviance was common. Overall findings indicated considerable similarity but also some important differences in collateral-reported problems and adaptive functioning across 14 societies.