Orthographic neighborhood size effect in Chinese character naming: orthographic and phonological activations

The present study examined the effects of orthographic neighborhood (N) size on the cognitive processes underlying Chinese character reading. Previous research has shown increasing N size facilitates word naming and recognition performance in alphabetic languages. Experiment 1 revealed that a large N size was associated with a general inhibition of processes underlying character reading, in contrast to previous findings with alphabetic languages. This inhibitory effect was influenced by regularity and consistency. Experiment 2 sought to assess the effects of higher-frequency neighbors on character naming performance. The results revealed that higher-frequency neighbors with different pronunciation to the target interfered with the phonological retrieval of targets. We propose that this type of interference may have caused the N size effect observed in Experiment 1. The results of Experiment 3 revealed that a large N size facilitated target naming in the absence of higher-frequency neighbors. The current results shed light on the processes underlying character naming, and we propose possible cognitive mechanisms of the N size effect on Chinese character naming.     

论我国养老金的替代率

养老金替代率看似一个具体的、"技术性的"问题,实际上却影响养老保险制度运行的全局.国家政策对养老金替代率的影响是全局性的、决定性的.从现在开始,我国养老保险建设将进入以合理调节养老金替代率为重点,完善制度运行的阶段.未来几十年间养老金替代率的调节将仍然主要依靠国家政策和资金的投入.我国能够解决未来调节养老金替代率所需的资金问题.未来调节养老金替代率应遵循保障基本生活、共享发展成果、实现社会公平的原则.     

Role ambiguity, employee gender, and workplace friendship

The importance of workplace friendship is recognized by researchers and practitioners, but its antecedents with respect to work roles are not well understood. Employees' gender might moderate a relationship between work roles and friendships. Data from a survey of 221 international tourist hotel employees showed that a key aspect of job support, role ambiguity, was negatively related to having workplace friendships. However, employees' gender did not moderate this relationship. Role clarity (the opposite of role ambiguity) may facilitate workplace friendships.     

简论跨国公司经营中的企业社会责任

基于利益相关者理论的企业社会责任实践能够有效地建立与维持企业的长期竞争优势。将企业社会责任理念融入企业的经营战略和经营方式、作为企业文化的核心内容,是跨国公司经营获得成功的重要因素。随着我国越来越多的企业走出国门开展跨国经营,我国跨国经营企业应努力协调中国传统文化价值观与西方文化价值观之间的矛盾和冲突,以尊重之心处理好企业与利益相关者的关系,逐步提升企业社会责任意识,为所在国的经济社会发展做出贡献。     

宗教研究的心理学视角:历史、理论与方法

宗教心理学在西方已有100多年的历史,在中国还是个新学科。本文从宗教心理学的定义、历史、代表人物、重要理论及研究方法几方面,简要勾勒出西方对宗教现象进行心理学研究的概貌。希望以此启示中国宗教心理学研究的起步和发展。     

Differentiating the effects of status and power: a justice perspective

Few empirical efforts have been devoted to differentiating status and power, and thus significant questions remain about differences in how status and power impact social encounters. We conducted 5 studies to address this gap. In particular, these studies tested the prediction that status and power would have opposing effects on justice enacted toward others. In the first 3 studies, we directly compared the effects of status and power on people's enactment of distributive (Study 1) and procedural (Studies 2 and 3) justice. In the last 2 studies, we orthogonally manipulated status and power and examined their main and interactive effects on people's enactment of distributive (Study 4) and procedural (Study 5) justice. As predicted, all 5 studies showed consistent evidence that status is positively associated with justice toward others, while power is negatively associated with justice toward others. The effects of power are moderated, however, by an individual's other orientation (Studies 2, 3, 4, and 5), and the effects of status are moderated by an individual's dispositional concern about status (Study 5). Furthermore, Studies 4 and 5 also demonstrated that status and power interact, such that the positive effect of status on justice emerges when power is low and not when power is high, providing further evidence for differential effects between power and status. Theoretical implications for the literatures on status, power, and distributive/procedural justice are discussed.     

Holes and wholes: a reply to Rubin and Kanwisher

This paper, contrary to skepticism about the human ability to perceive topological properties, addresses some commonly heard nontopological counterexplanations and provides evidence to rule out these apparent counterexamples against the topological hypothesis. Data from improved control conditions show that the reason why these counterexamples seem inconsistent with the topological hypothesis is that they fail to take due account of two factors: visibility, and organization other than physical connectedness.     

苏联心理学界对活动理论的近期讨论

本文综述了近几年来苏联心理学界对A.H.列昂节夫代表的活动理论的讨论情况。其中包括三种意见,一种是支持态度,一种是持较大异议、企图用系统论取而代之的态度,一种是既不完全支持,也不完全否定的态度。从讨论中可以看出,活动理论在苏联仍有很大影响,人们公认列昂节夫是苏联马克思主义心理学奠基者之一,公认他提出的活动理论对建设马克思主义心理学的重要贡献。目前开展的讨论,不是要否定和批判活动理论,而是在爱护、珍惜它的前提下,对它进行补充、修正和发展,使它更加完善。作者认为,这一讨论对我们的主要启示是:一、苏联心理学者在把马克思主义作为建设心理学的方法论基础这一点上,没有根本分歧;二、我国心理学界需要展开一些理论上的争鸣和讨论,需要培养我们自己的理论家;三、必须首先明确“中国心理学的发展究竟走哪条路”的问题,为此应该重视基本理论的建设。     

大鼠作业成绩与脑内亮氨酸脑啡肽含量变化的相关性研究

本工作采用穿梭式电击回避反应法和脑啡肽的放射免疫测定法,分析比较了大鼠作业成绩与脑内壳氨酸脑啡肽(Leu-enkephalin,LEK)含量的关系,在本实验条件下,观察到作业成绩不良组纹状体内LEK含量显著高于成绩优良组和对照组,并由实验证明,它们之间的差异不是由于在实验中接受电击的次数或电击总量不同造成的。这一结果提示,内源性亮氨酸脑啡肽可能参与记忆获得的调制。     

养成训练:未成年公民品德塑造的新路径

重灌输轻养成、重理论教育轻行为训练是青少年道德建设成效不高的重要原因,而养成训练则被证明是未成年公民道德素质生成的有效路径.这是由品德生成的客观规律、未成年人身心发展的特点以及体验教育、实践育人的任务决定的.要切实提高道德行为习惯养成的实际效果,德目指标应易记易循,行为准则须明确具体;活动方案设计应贴紧未成年人实际,训练活动要注重可操作性,强化情感体验环节,抓好"小处"、"小事",注意训练活动的持续性和家校(园)之间的良性互动,不断巩固养成成果.实践证明,从基本道德行为习惯养成训练入手正是促进未成年人道德建设取得实效的关键所在.