Are people always more risk averse after disasters? Surveys after a heavy snow‐hit and a major earthquake in China in 2008

China suffered both a heavy snow‐hit and a major earthquake in 2008. To investigate the effects of disasters on risky decision making, opportunity samples were obtained by recruiting residents in both devastated and non‐devastated areas. In a survey (Study 1) conducted shortly after the heavy snow‐hit, we found that people were not always more risk averse after a disaster as previous studies had claimed and that they were inclined to approach an option with ‘low probability associated gain’ and to avoid an option with ‘low probability associated loss’. These findings were replicated in a consecutive survey (Study 2) conducted after the Wenchuan earthquake. It was further found that the popularity of both insurance and lottery, which presumably contributed to overweighing of small probabilities, was detected to have been enhanced with substantial exposure to the earthquake disaster. The implications of these findings for risk education and government policy making were discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

General belief in a just world and resilience: Evidence from a collectivistic culture

Previous research showed that in the individualistic culture, adults endorse the personal more than the general belief in a just world (PBJW vs. GBJW). Comparatively little is known about the prevalence character and adaptive functions of GBJW, especially in the collectivistic culture. We conducted three surveys among the Chinese adults and adolescents. We found that (1) Chinese adults and adolescents endorsed more GBJW than PBJW; (2) Adult survivors with high exposure to post‐earthquake trauma and adolescents in the poverty‐stricken area maintained high GBJW, with relatively lower PBJW. (3) GBJW predicted the psychological resilience in all the three samples independent of PBJW. The results imply that in contrast to populations from the individualistic culture, people from the collectivistic culture endorse a robust GBJW, which allows them to resiliently confront harsh realities. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Phonological abstraction in processing lexical-tone variation: evidence from a learning paradigm

There is a growing consensus that the mental lexicon contains both abstract and word-specific acoustic information. To investigate their relative importance for word recognition, we tested to what extent perceptual learning is word specific or generalizable to other words. In an exposure phase, participants were divided into two groups; each group was semantically biased to interpret an ambiguous Mandarin tone contour as either tone1 or tone2. In a subsequent test phase, the perception of ambiguous contours was dependent on the exposure phase: Participants who heard ambiguous contours as tone1 during exposure were more likely to perceive ambiguous contours as tone1 than participants who heard ambiguous contours as tone2 during exposure. This learning effect was only slightly larger for previously encountered than for not previously encountered words. The results speak for an architecture with prelexical analysis of phonological categories to achieve both lexical access and episodic storage of exemplars.     

庄子“知”论析义

在先秦诸子中,庄子较多地论及了知的问题。学界一般从西方认识论的角度检视庄子的知,认为其具有怀疑论、不可知论、直觉主义和反智的倾向。然而,这种反向格义的方法能否涵盖庄子知论的多层面意蕴,击中知论的哲学精要?是否难免偏离、遮敝、甚至扭曲庄子的本意?在本文看来,庄子尽管触及到了认识论的深层问题,但其本意或恐不在探讨认识问题,更     

贝叶斯条件化原则及其辩护

贝叶斯方法论(Bayesian methodology)或贝叶斯主义(Bayesianism)早在上世纪20—30年代就被提出,直到上世纪80—90年代才逐渐成为科学哲学领域的一个势头强劲的学派。贝叶斯主义又叫做主观主义(subjectivism)或私人主义(personalism)。其理论特征主要有二:其一是把概率解释为一个人的置信度(degree of belief),其二是把贝叶斯公式看作根据经验改变置信度的方式。     

论社会主体如何可能——面对人类解放的困惑

唯物史观通过对资本主义生产现实的批判,认为人类解放是历史的必然.人类解放将产生全新的社会主体,社会能够预先规划全面合理的社会生产活动.作为主体的社会既与通常的个体形态的主体相似,又比个人主体更有能力,是一个"社会-鲁滨逊".社会-鲁滨逊的可能性乃至必然性一方面依赖于想象力,另一方面依赖于辩证法.想象力虽具有创造性,却根本地受制于经验.而辩证法是在反思性前提下呈现客观历史进程的,它只有去除反思性才能预断未来,但这样它的效力就会成为问题.就这两方面来说,作为主体的社会总不免令人产生理智上的困惑.     

近代基督教在西南少数民族地区的文字布道及其影响

自从19世纪下半叶西方差会进入西南地区后,传教事业在少数民族中取得了长足的发展,其中文字布道起了重要的作用。传教士通过翻译、出版圣经,编撰赞美诗、小册子、课本等,使少数民族有了读书识字的条件;同时,这些出版物成为传教士传播福音的有力手段。     

论中国经济制度的宪法规范

经济立宪是现代宪法发展的重要推动力,对经济制度的规定也是现代宪法发展的重要特征之一,它对和平时期宪法经济功能的发挥起到了重要作用.从我国的立宪与行宪史来看,宪法中的经济制度规范不仅是我国宪法中的重要内容,而且对中国的当代经济制度变迁也起到了很强的推动作用,并呈现出三方面的基本特征,即与中国发展国情相联系的特色性,与中国现代化改革进程相联系的时代性,以及与中国现实发展相适应的恒定性.     

新药临床试验中的反安慰剂效应

新药在临床试验中设立安慰剂对照需要患者知情同意,有违安慰剂暗示治疗的本意.在一种新药Ⅱ期临床试验中,发现告知与隐瞒设立安慰剂对照的事实,疗效差异明显.表明告知患者可能使用到安慰剂,会产生反安慰剂效应,影响疗效判定.提出疗效判定尽量使用客观指标、采用叠加设计、采用暂时隐瞒法、心理医生介入等4项对策.     

国内医务人员职业倦怠研究评述

通过文献分析法,介绍了职业倦怠概念以及国内医务人员职业倦怠常用测量工具,从人口学变量、人格、工作特征和社会支持四个方面阐述了当前医务人员职业倦怠的影响因素,最后在简要分析现有研究存在本土化程度较低及缺乏应用性研究等不足的基础上,展望了医务人员职业倦怠本土化及干预两方面研究的发展前景。