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31.
Bradley T. Erford Gerta Bardhoshi Margaret Ross Chelsea Gunther Kelly Duncan 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2017,95(1):35-44
Twenty‐one clinical trials were synthesized using a random‐effects model, which substantiated that counseling generally produces a medium effect in treating conduct disorder in youth at termination (d + = 0.30 to 0.57; k = 28). However, the lasting effects at follow‐up were unclear because few follow‐up studies (k = 13) have been conducted (d + = ?0.53 to 0.58), and only 2 randomized controlled follow‐up studies were located. No effects of moderating variables were evident. Implications for counseling practice and outcome research are addressed. 相似文献
32.
Repetition priming of familiar stimuli (e.g., objects) produces a decrease in visual cortical activity for repeated versus novel items, which has been attributed to more fluent processing for repeated items. By contrast, priming of unfamiliar stimuli (e.g., abstract shapes) produces an increase in visual cortical activity. The mechanism for priming-related increases in activity for repeated unfamiliar stimuli is unknown. We hypothesised that such increases in activity may reflect attentional allocation to these items. We tested this hypothesis using a priming-spatial attention paradigm. During Phase 1 of Experiment 1, participants viewed unfamiliar abstract shapes and familiar objects. During Phase 2, participants identified target letters (S or H). Each target letter was preceded by a non-informative shape or object cue that was repeated (from Phase 1) or novel in the same (valid) or opposite (invalid) hemifield. In Experiment 2, we manipulated shape familiarity by presenting shapes once or six times during Phase 1. For both experiments, at valid locations, target identification accuracy was higher following repeated versus novel unfamiliar item cues and lower following repeated versus novel familiar item cues. These findings support our hypothesis that priming-related increases in visual cortical activity for repeated unfamiliar items may, in part, reflect attentional allocation. 相似文献
33.
Clark L Dombrovski AY Siegle GJ Butters MA Shollenberger CL Sahakian BJ Szanto K 《Psychology and aging》2011,26(2):321-330
Suicidal behavior is a potentially lethal complication of late-life depression. In younger adults, suicide has been linked to abnormal decision-making ability. Given that there are substantial age-related decreases in decision-making ability, and that older adults experience environmental stressors that require effective decision-making, we reasoned that impaired decision-making may be particularly relevant to suicidal behavior in the elderly. We thus compared performance on a probabilistic decision-making task that does not involve working memory ("Cambridge Gamble Task") in four groups of older adults: (1) individuals with major depression and a history of suicide attempt (n = 25), (2) individuals with major depression with active suicidal ideation but no suicide attempt (n = 13), (3) individuals with major depression without suicidality (n = 35), and (4) nondepressed control subjects (n = 22). There was a significant effect of group on quality of decision-making, whereby the suicide attempters exhibited poorer ability to choose the likely outcome, compared with the nonsuicidal depressed and nondepressed comparison subjects. There were no group differences in betting behavior. The suicide attempters differed in several aspects of social problem-solving on a self-report scale. Quality of decision-making was negatively correlated with the score on the impulsive/careless problem-solving subscale. These data suggest that older suicide attempters have a deficit in risk-sensitive decision-making, extending observations in younger adults. More specifically, older suicide attempters seem to neglect outcome probability and make poor choices. These impairments may precipitate and perpetuate suicidal crisis in depressed elders. Identification of decision-making impairment in suicidal elders may help with designing effective interventions. 相似文献
34.
Although the use of semantic information about the world seems ubiquitous in every task we perform, it is not clear whether
we rely on a scene’s semantic information to guide attention when searching for something in a specific scene context (e.g.,
keys in one’s living room). To address this question, we compared contribution of a scene’s semantic information (i.e., scene
gist) versus learned spatial associations between objects and context. Using the flash-preview–moving-window paradigm Castelhano
and Henderson (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 33:753–763, 2007), participants searched
for target objects that were placed in either consistent or inconsistent locations and were semantically consistent or inconsistent
with the scene gist. The results showed that learned spatial associations were used to guide search even in inconsistent contexts,
providing evidence that scene context can affect search performance without consistent scene gist information. We discuss
the results in terms of hierarchical organization of top-down influences of scene context. 相似文献
35.
Miller GD Iverson KM Kemmelmeier M Maclane C Pistorello J Fruzzetti AE Crenshaw KY Erikson KM Katrichak BM Oser M Pruitt LD Watkins MM 《Professional psychology, research and practice》2010,41(3):228-235
Psychotherapists often experience stress while providing psychotherapy, in particular when working with difficult presentations such as suicidality. As part of a larger study on the treatment of recently suicidal college students with borderline traits, 6 therapists in training collected their own salivary samples for alpha-amylase (AA) and cortisol (C) analyses immediately before and after sessions with 2 selected clients. On average, samples were collected for the same therapist-patient dyad throughout the year-long study to ensure that data reflected therapist responses across stages of treatment. Therapists also completed a working alliance questionnaire and rated perceived session difficulty immediately after each selected session. Contrary to expectations, therapists demonstrated elevated levels of stress as measured by AA and C at presession relative to postsession levels. Greater session difficulty was related to more pronounced declines in AA, whereas a stronger working alliance was linked to more pronounced reductions in C. Results suggest that physiological stress responses while working with recently suicidal clients with borderline traits occur primarily in terms of session anticipatory anxiety, whereas AA and C changes may be affected differently by factors such as session difficulty and working alliance. This is a pilot study, limited by its sample size, but the design, findings, and inclusion of physiological measures present an initial step in an essential line of research. 相似文献
36.
This research examines consumer reactions to an emerging trend among corporate social responsibility initiatives—the promotion of decreased usage of the company's own core products. The results across three experiments suggest that the presence of a decreased usage message that highlights incongruity between the marketing message and the company's goals leads to negative company evaluations. The authors demonstrate that elaborative processing underlies these effects by examining the moderating role of the need for cognition and cognitive load. Further, perceived incongruity and cognitive elaboration mediate the findings. The implications for marketers and consumers are discussed. 相似文献
37.
Michael J. Platow Nicholas J. Voudouris Melissa Coulson Nicola Gilford Rachel Jamieson Liz Najdovski Nicole Papaleo Chelsea Pollard Leanne Terry 《European journal of social psychology》2007,37(4):649-660
A large body of research demonstrates a strong social component to people's pain experiences and pain‐related behaviours. We investigate this by examining the impact of social‐influence processes on laboratory‐induced pain responses by manipulating the social‐categorical relationship between the person experiencing pain and another who offers reassurance. We show that physiological arousal associated with laboratory‐induced pain is significantly lower in normal, healthy participants following reassurance about the pain‐inducing activity when that reassurance comes from an in‐group member in contrast to reassurance from an out‐group member and a no reassurance control. These data are consistent with predictions derived from self‐categorization theory, providing convincing empirical support of its analysis of social influence using a non‐reactive measure. These data also represent a clear advance within the pain literature by identifying a possible common process to the social‐psychological component of pain responses. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
38.
39.
The associative encoding and retrieval abilities of patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) and patients with Huntington's disease (HD) were investigated using an encoding specificity paradigm. When compared to age- and education-matched intact control subjects, both patient groups were severely (and equally) impaired on overall memory for word lists. However, the HD and DAT patients showed differential improvement in recall performance with the introduction of associated cues during stimulus presentation and recall. Although the HD patients, like intact subjects, were able to benefit from semantic retrieval cues (strong and weak) which were present during input, the performance of the patients with DAT improved only with the introduction of strong cues at output, regardless of whether the cues were present or absent during initial presentation. These findings suggest that patients with DAT failed to encode the semantic relationship between the to-be-recalled and cue words and simply generated free associations to the cue words during retrieval. Similarities between the performances of the patients with DAT and alcoholic Korsakoff patients are noted and discussed with regard to the neuropathological basis of the disorders. 相似文献
40.