Obscene telephone calls to children: a retrospective field study

Studied a sample of 24 Danish children selected from a larger group of 56 children who had received obscene telephone calls from a single adult offender to ascertain the psychological consequences of this form of sexual abuse. The sample is unusual in that the source of the abuse was the same for all of the children, and none of them had records of prior or concurrent abuse from other sources. Almost all children suffered significant psychological consequences from these calls, those who obeyed the caller's demands experiencing more serious consequences than those who did not. A comparison was made with the consequences suffered by an additional group of 7 children who had experienced direct physical sexual abuse by the same offender.     

Explication of Inductive Probability

Inductive probability is the logical concept of probability in ordinary language. It is vague but it can be explicated by defining a clear and precise concept that can serve some of the same purposes. This paper presents a general method for doing such an explication and then a particular explication due to Carnap. Common criticisms of Carnap’s inductive logic are examined; it is shown that most of them are spurious and the others are not fundamental.     

Medication beliefs and structural barriers to treatment adherence among people living with HIV infection

Background: People living in poverty face multiple structural challenges to medication adherence including lack of transportation, inadequate housing and food insecurity. The degree to which individuals’ motivations to remain adherent may overcome structural barriers has received limited attention.

Purpose: To examine whether medication necessity and concerns beliefs predict antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence over and above structural adherence barriers associated with poverty.

Methods: People living with HIV in a southern US city (N = 942) completed computerised interviews, an objective measure of adherence and HIV viral suppression obtained from medical records. Hierarchical logistic regression models were constructed to examine demographic and illness characteristics, structural barriers, mental health, substance use and medication necessity and concerns beliefs as predictors of ART adherence.

Results: In multivariable models, current drug use and medication necessity and concerns beliefs predicted treatment adherence over and above demographic, health, mental health and structural factors.

Conclusions: Medication beliefs are proximal and powerful motivating factors that predict adherence. Adherence interventions should directly address medication beliefs in developing strategies to manage barriers facing people with HIV living in poverty.     

Implementing school psychological service programs: Description and application of the durable approach

Implementing school psychological service programs is a challenging and complex endeavor facing school psychologists. In order to assure that their programs occur as planned, practitioners may benefit from organizational management strategies. This paper presents the DURABLE approach as a strategy that can be employed by school psychologists to facilitate implementation of counseling and other intervention programs. In the paper, the seven phases of DURABLE are described. Then results are reported of an investigation in which the approach was applied by school psychologists to facilitate implementation of group counseling programs in urban high schools. Discussion occurs within a context of the need for school psychologists to incorporate organizational management strategies into their practice.     

THE FOREIGN VISIT SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVING ITS USEFULNESS

Les visites à L'étranger: quelques propositions pour augmenter leur utilité. — L'auteur suggère quelques idées pout augmenter L'utilité pour les psychologues des visites à L'étranger; il propose plus spécialement, que les institutions préparent des textes qui donnent à L'avance à ceux qui envisagent de telles visites, des informations détaillées sur L'espace disponible, L'équipement statistique, L'atelier et les services généraux des laboratoires ainsi que sur les possibilités d'obtenir des sujets, sur les bibliothèques, etc… Il note qu'il est important que le visiteur puisse s'orienter le plus tôt possible, que L'on publie des informations sur la présence des visiteurs et souligne enfin la nécessité d'étudier empiriquement les effets qu'ont les visites à L'étranger sur les échanges internationaux qui s'ensuivent pour les participants.     

Moral Identity Predicts Adherence to COVID-19 Mitigation Procedures Depending on Political Ideology: A Comparison Between the USA and New Zealand

Reducing the spread of infectious viruses (e.g., COVID-19) can depend on societal compliance with effective mitigations. Identifying factors that influence adherence can inform public policy. In many cases, public health messaging has become highly moralized, focusing on the need to act for the greater good. In such contexts, a person's moral identity may influence behavior and serve to increase compliance through different mechanisms: if a person sees compliance as the right thing to do (internalization) and/or if a person perceives compliance as something others will notice as the right thing to do (symbolization). We argue that in societies that are more politically polarized, people's political ideology may interact with their moral identity to predict compliance. We hypothesized that where polarization is high (e.g., USA), moral identity should positively predict compliance for liberals to a greater extent than for conservatives. However, this effect would not occur where polarization is low (e.g., New Zealand). Moral identity, political ideology, and support for three different COVID-19 mitigation measures were assessed in both nations (N = 1,980). Results show that while moral identity can influence compliance, the political context of the nation must also be taken into account.     

Leaders and followers behaving badly: A meta-analytic examination of curvilinear relationships between destructive leadership and followers’ workplace behaviors

We draw from social psychological and resource-based theories to meta-analytically examine curvilinear relationships between destructive leadership and followers’ workplace behaviors (i.e., job performance, organizational citizenship behaviors, and workplace deviance). Overall, our meta-analytic results demonstrate that relationships between destructive leadership and followers’ workplace behaviors are essentially linear. The limited evidence of curvilinear relationships we did find supports the application of social psychological theories when examining high levels of destructive leadership. Overall, this study's meta-analytic regression, relative weight, and semipartial correlation results have important implications for how to interpret the conclusions drawn from prior destructive leadership research, how to conduct future studies that examine destructive leadership, and practitioners’ attempts to limit the effects of destructive leadership on followers’ workplace behaviors.