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281.
We examined the influence of encoding and generation processes on distinctiveness, isolation, and background effects in short-term
recall of order information. Adults recalled the order of letters in one of two segments following a distractor task, knowing
in advance the identity of the letters. A distinctive letter was one that was either in red or absent and replaced with a
red dash, thereby requiring generation. On trials with a distinctive letter, the letter was primed in advance. A negative
generation effect was found; in addition, there was a positive distinctiveness effect but a negative background effect on
trials in which generation was required. These effects can be explained in terms of the extra processing given to distinctive
items when they need to be generated. 相似文献
282.
Visual word recognition is commonly argued to be automatic in the sense that it is obligatory and ballistic. The present experiments
combined Stroop and visual search paradigms to provide a novel test of this claim. An array of three, five, or seven words
including one colored target (a word in Experiments 1 and 2, a bar in Experiment 3) was presented to participants. An irrelevant
color word also appeared in the display and was either integrated with or separated from the colored target. The participants
classified the color of the single colored item in Experiments 1 and 3 and determined whether a target color was present or
absent in Experiment 2. A Stroop effect was observed in Experiment 1 when the color word and the color target were integral,
but not when the color word and the color target were separated. No Stroop effect was observed in Experiment 2. Visual word
recognition is contingent on both the distribution of spatial attention and task demands. 相似文献
283.
We examined two different accounts of why studying distinctive information reduces false memories within the DRM paradigm.
The impoverished relational encoding account predicts that less memorial information, such as overall familiarity, is elicited
by the critical lure after distinctive encoding than after nondistinctive encoding. By contrast, the distinctiveness heuristic
predicts that participants use a deliberate retrieval strategy to withhold responding to the critical lures. This retrieval
strategy refers to a decision rule whereby the absence of memory for expected distinctive information is taken as evidence
for an event’s nonoccurrence. We show that the typical false-recognition suppression effect only occurs when the recognition
test is self paced. This suppression effect is abolished when participants make recognition decisions under time pressure,
such as within 1 second of seeing the test item. These results are consistent with the distinctiveness heuristic that a time-consuming
retrieval strategy is used to reduce false-recognition responses. 相似文献
284.
Orienting to a signal source is widely viewed asautomatic in the sense that it is triggered by the stimulus. However, this behavior is typically assessed in a context in which the
subject knows beforehand what he or she has to do. In the present experiments, the role of task set was investigated by having
the response vary randomly from trial to trial. On some trials, a cue signaled the subject to respond, and on the remaining
trials, another cue signaled the subject to withhold a response. Stimulus contrast and temporal overlap between task cue and
target were manipulated. The effect of a reduction in stimulus contrast was sometimes absorbed into the time taken to decode
the cue, but critically, other times not. These results highlight the theoretical importance of considering task set as an
essential element in processing, and they undermine the theoretical claim that putatively automatic processes are not subject
to interference from other mental activities. 相似文献
285.
Although many nonlinear models of cognition have been proposed in the past 50 years, there has been little consideration of
corresponding statistical techniques for their analysis. In analyses with nonlinear models, unmodeled variability from the
selection of items or participants may lead to asymptotically biased estimation. This asymptotic bias, in turn, renders inference
problematic. We show, for example, that a signal detection analysis of recognition memory data leads to asymptotic underestimation
of sensitivity. To eliminate asymptotic bias, we advocate hierarchical models in which participant variability, item variability,
and measurement error are modeled simultaneously. By accounting for multiple sources of variability, hierarchical models yield
consistent and accurate estimates of participant and item effects in recognition memory. This article is written in tutorial
format; we provide an introduction to Bayesian statistics, hierarchical modeling, and Markov chain Monte Carlo computational
techniques. 相似文献
286.
287.
Much previous research has demonstrated that visual search is typically disrupted by the presence of a unique “singleton”
distractor in the search display. Here we show that attentional capture by an irrelevant color singleton during shape search
critically depends on availability of working memory to the search task: When working memory is loaded in a concurrent yet
unrelated verbal short-term memory task, capture increases. These findings converge with previous demonstrations that increasing
working memory load results in greater distractor interference in Stroop-like tasks (de Fockert, Rees, Frith, & Lavie, 2001;
Lavie, Hirst, de Fockert, & Viding, 2004), which support the hypothesis that working memory provides goal-directed control
of visual selective attention allowing to minimize interference by goal-irrelevant distractors. 相似文献
288.
Hazeltine E 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2005,12(4):682-688
The present study investigated response-response (R-R) compatibility in a bimanual keypressing task. Numeric and spatial stimuli
were used to cue responses for each hand. Two groups of participants differed in terms of the stimulus-response mappings for
the numeric stimuli. For one group, the numeric stimuli were mapped so that the same number for each hand indicated responses
that were anatomically compatible (e.g., index finger of both hands). For the other group, the same number for each hand indicated
responses that were left-right compatible (e.g., leftmost finger of both hands). The spatial stimuli were mapped in a spatially
compatible manner to the responses for both groups. For numeric stimuli, reaction times (RTs) were faster when the same number
indicated the response for each hand, regardless of the mapping. For the spatial stimuli, RTs were determined not only by
the pairing of stimuli or responses, but also by how the responses were indicated by numeric stimuli. The results indicate
that R-R compatibility effects are mediated by abstract codes that reflect individuals’ conceptualizations of their actions. 相似文献
289.
In visual perception, part segmentation of an object is considered to be guided by image-based properties, such as occurrences
of deep concavities in the outer contour. However, object-based properties can also provide information regarding segmentation.
In this study, outer contours and interpretations of object configurations were manipulated to examine differences between
image-based and object-based segmentation in a visual search task. We found that locating a two-dimensional object configuration
with deep concavities in the outer contour depends on the type of outer contour of the surrounding distractors. In addition,
locating a three-dimensional object configuration was harder when it was surrounded by object-based-disconnected distractors,
as compared with object-based-connected distractors, regardless of image-based connections in these distractors. We conclude
that segmentation based on the outer contours of a target facilitates its localization. However, when three-dimensional information
is available, segmentation strongly depends on object-based properties, rather than on image-based properties. 相似文献
290.
In one condition, positive and negative number pairs were compared in separate blocks of trials. In another condition, the
positive and the negative number pairs were intermixed. In the intermixed condition, comparisons involving negative numbers
were faster with the left hand than with the right, and comparisons were faster with the right hand than with the left hand
with the positive numbers; that is, a spatial numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect was obtained, in which
the mental number line was extended leftward with the negative numbers. On the other hand, in the blocked condition, a reverse
SNARC effect was obtained with the negative numbers; that is, negative number pairs have the same underlying spatial representation
as the positive numbers in this context. Nongraded semantic congruity effects, obtained in both the blocked and the intermixed
conditions, are consistent with the idea that magnitude information is extracted prior to the generation of discrete semantic
codes. 相似文献