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951.
Christopher Dare Ivan Eisler Mireille Colahan Catherine Crowther Rob Senior Eia Asen 《Journal of Family Therapy》1995,17(1):31-57
Clinical and empirical methods are commonly considered to be complementary activities. However, many people in the fields of mental health and social welfare espouse a strong adherence to experimental, scientific methods for the evolution of theory and practice and consider only that which has been experimentally tested as‘really true”. Others would propose the clinical method as the main source of useful knowledge and are suspicious of enumeration and quantification as sources of useful information. Formal, empirical methodology is well and extensively described whilst there is less systematic exposition of the clinical method. Family therapy evolved in a context in which activity was visible and the emerging discipline was propelled by a theoretical framework with strongly scientific origins that was critical of the exclusive clinical method of pre-existing psychotherapies. This paper describes some of the clinically based contributions to the family therapy of anorexia nervosa and compares this information with that which comes out of the Maudsley trials of psychotherapies in anorexia nervosa. 相似文献
952.
Roy King Evens Villeneuve Lisa Post Christopher Flowers Kathy Moonshine 《Personality and individual differences》1995,18(6)
This report tested whether those individuals with a cluster B DSM-IIIR personality disorder (narcissistic, borderline, antisocial or histrionic) had higher scores for aesthetic preference for visually complex drawings using the Barron-Welch Art Scale. In a sample of 141 patients and controls, the 56 subjects who met the criteria for one of the cluster B personality disorder diagnoses displayed higher Barron-Welch Art Scale Scores. A multiple regression analysis showed that narcissistic and borderline personality disorder contributed positively, while dependent personality disorder, negatively to preference for complexity. The findings support the notion that aesthetic choices and values reflected through the dimension of openness to experience may contribute to the behavioral manifestations of the personality disorders. 相似文献
953.
Although there is considerable empirical support for the existence of social stereotypes about different types of mothers, the content of those stereotypes is less clear. The purpose of this study was to identify the content of stereotypes related to different types of mothers. Stereotyped attributes of married mothers, stepmothers, divorced mothers, and never married mothers were generated by several samples and combined into one list. A subsequent sample was asked to indicate the percentage of each type of mother possessing each characteristic. The content of mother stereotypes was examined, and the results discussed in light of effects on social interactions, the self-image of women, and future attempts to assess family-related stereotypes. 相似文献
954.
Size and orientation of objects in explicit and implicit memory: A reversal of the dissociation between perceptual similarity and type of test 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
H. D. Zimmer 《Psychological research》1995,57(3-4):260-273
Memory of size and orientation of objects was tested in explicit and implicit memory tests. Explicit memory was tested by object recognition and by recognition of the congruency of the changed sensory features. Implicit memory was tested by size assessment (Exps. 1 and 2), orientation judgement (Exps. 4 and 5), picture-fragment naming (Exp. 6), and classification (Exps. 3 and 7). Memory of sensory features was investigated by the comparison of performances of test-congruent with test-incongruent stimuli (i.e., same size or orientation vs. different size or orientation). The main result was a dissociation between these two tasks pertaining to the influence of sensory congruency on performance. However, it was in opposition to the usual relationship between the type of test and the perceptual similarity from study to test. In this study explicit, but not implicit, memory depended on sensory congruency. In the explicit tests performances were better when the stimuli were congruent than when they were incongruent. In the implicit test this variation had no influence. To get a repetition effect, it was important only that the object was repeated, and the size of this effect did not depend on sensory congruency. However, a change in another sensory feature — distortions of shape — strongly influenced the size of the repetition effect in the implicit test. Neither transfer-appropriate processing nor a system approach can easily explain this pattern of results. A multi-level, multi-token model is proposed to account for the different effects of sensory features in explicit and implicit memory. 相似文献
955.
The present investigation reported the development and validation of the Knowing Styles Inventory (KSI), a scale to measure connected and separate knowing [M. F. Belenky, B. M. Clinchy, N. R. Goldberger, and J. M. Tarule (1986), Women's Ways of Knowing: The Development of Self, Voice, and Mind New York, Basic Books]. In Study 1, principal components analyses for samples of females (N = 300) and males (N = 253) yielded two components, Connected and Separate Knowing. Studies 2 and 3 focused on females exclusively. The results indicated adequate test—retest reliability and internal consistency for both components. Additionally, Connected Knowing was positively correlated with empathic concern, perspective-taking, social desirability, and the femininity factor of the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI). Separate Knowing was positively correlated with the masculinity factor of the BSRI and negatively correlated with social desirability. Suggestions for future research were presented.The authors wish to thank Jill Mattuck Tarule for the insight that she offered in the early stages of this project, and they wish to acknowledge the contribution of Nicole Bressler who participated in item development. 相似文献
956.
MATERNITY LEAVE AND WOMEN'S MENTAL HEALTH 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Janet Shibley Hyde Marjorie H. Klein Marilyn J. Essex Roseanne Clark 《Psychology of women quarterly》1995,19(2):257-285
The Wisconsin Maternity Leave and Health Study addresses an important policy issue, parental leave, by investigating the work status, maternity leave, and mental health of 570 women. In the longitudinal design, the women, all of whom were living with a husband or partner, were interviewed during the fifth month of pregnancy, 1 month postpartum, and 4 months postpartum. At 4 months postpartum, full-time workers, part-time workers, and homemakers did not differ in depression or anger, but full-time workers showed elevated anxiety compared with the other two groups. In multiple regression analyses, length of leave interacted significantly with marital concerns when predicting depression; women who took a short leave (6 weeks or less) and were high on marital concerns had the highest depression scores. Short maternity leave can be conceptualized as a risk factor that, when combined with other risk factors such as marital concerns, places women at greater risk for depression. 相似文献
957.
Robert H. Pate 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1995,74(2):181-184
The guest editorial and featured articles have established the fact of counseling specialties and also that counselors have no clear or consistent scheme to recognize professional specialization. If counselors expect external recognition of and respect for their credentials, the credentials first must be recognized and understood by counselors. The experiences of other professions suggest strategies, but counselors must determine their own way of recognizing specialties without denying counselors' common identity. The profession and practice of counseling will be strengthened if all counselors have a minimum foundation of counseling knowledge and competencies and build accepted specializations on that foundation. The counseling profession must distinguish among work settings, professional interests, and specializations as a prerequisite to a coherent scheme of recognizing specialties. 相似文献
958.
With the end of the cold war, issues of environment and economic development are assuming greater international salience.
By the 1970s, environmental degradation was becoming pervasive, with growing global effects. Increasingly, global and emergent
globalized problems are forcing environmental interdependence on the world. Transboundary threats cannot be addressed unilaterally
by any single country or group of countries. The global environmental agenda is reviving the North-South debate and rejuvenating
the Third World coalition in international fora.
The encouragement of environmentally sustainable forms of industrialization in the South requires expanded and improved international
cooperation. However, the North’s greater resources and greater responsibility in causing global environmental degradation
require its continuing involvement in the search for solutions, including ones applicable to newly industrializing countries.
In June 1992, the largest intergovernmental conference ever held was convened in Rio de Janeiro to address these issues: the
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED, or the Earth Summit). It produced a consensus action plan
of about 700 pages: Agenda 21. Agenda 21 presents massive challenges for international cooperation as well as for national
and private actors and scientific and technical institutions. It reflects a complex configuration of demands for institutional
arrangements that support environmentally sustainable technical and socioeconomic change. One of the most consistent of the
Agenda 21 themes, and one of the most intractable issues, concerns “access to technology.” This can be as straightforward
as diagnosing and improving the efficiency of a production process in a small manufacturing firm, or as complex as engineering
a technological revolution in which production and consumption take place with virtually no material or energy loss to the
environment. The selection of entry points for action is a critical strategic problem as well as an important operational
issue.
In this paper I identify and describe new initiatives intended to improve the environmental performance of industry in the
South, and find that they largely aim to promote incremental industrial innovation through international technology transfer
and diffusion. This strategy raises many questions about how to promote effective technology transfer and diffusion.
This is a revised version of a paper prepared for the ORSTOM/UNESCO Conference “20th Century Science: Beyond the Metropolis,”
Paris, 19–23 Sept. 1994. 相似文献
959.
We conducted two experiments to investigate if college students would create false memories of childhood experiences in response to misleading information and repeated interviews. In both experiments we contacted parents to obtain information about events that happened to the students during childhood. In a series of interviews we asked the students to recall the parent-reported events and one experimenter-created false event. In the second experiment we varied the age at which we claimed the false event occurred. In both experiments we found that some individuals created false memories in these circumstances and in the second experiment we found no effect of age of attempted incorporation. In the second experiment we also found that those who discussed related background knowledge during the early interviews were more likely to create a false recall. Generalizations to therapy contexts are discussed. 相似文献
960.