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101.
Reactions to stimuli that were shortly before presented as distractors are usually slowed down; this phenomenon is known as negative priming. Negative priming is an accepted index for tapping into selective control mechanisms. Although this effect is well established for adults, it has been claimed that children do not show negative priming. Recently, however, V. E. Pritchard and E. Neumann challenged this view and concluded that selective control mechanisms are already fully developed in young children. The authors of the present study analyzed differences between older studies, in which no negative priming had been observed, and the Pritchard and Neumann (2004) study. In sum, the present study yielded further evidence for an intact selective control mechanism in young children. The authors also linked this empirical finding to the broader literature on negative priming by a direct comparison with an adult sample. 相似文献
102.
Leslie J. Francis Charlotte L. Craig Mandy Robbins 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2007,25(4):257-271
Five hundred and fifty-four undergraduate students attending a university-sector college in South Wales, United Kingdom, completed
the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) (Form G) and the short-form Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. The results
showed a number of statistically significant relationships between the two models of personality and drew attention to two
substantively significant relationships. In Eysenckian terms, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator constructs of introversion and
extraversion translated as “neurotic introversion” and as “stable extraversion.” The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator constructs
of judging and perceiving translated as “low psychoticism” and “high psychoticism”. Based on their interpretation of findings,
the authors argue that the MBTI and the Eysenckian models should be viewed as interacting in a dynamic and informative fashion,
not as unrelated, totally disparate models. 相似文献
103.
Knowledge Utilisation in Road Safety Policy: Barriers to the Use of Knowledge from Economic Analysis
Previous research has found that the priority given to road safety measures is not based on the results of economic analyses,
in particular cost–benefit analysis. This paper tries to identify some reasons for this fact. Knowledge utilisation theory
is applied as a framework for identifying barriers. A typology of barriers to the use of economic efficiency analyses in road
safety policy is developed. The presence of the barriers is investigated empirically by means of interviews of 83 road safety
decision-makers in various European countries. Various technical barriers, particularly a lack of knowledge of the effects
of road safety measures, are found. Based on a multivariate correspondence analysis (HOMALS), respondents can be placed in
two groups with respect to the barriers they regard as most important. One group regards ethical objections to cost–benefit
analyses as important, the other group but regards a large group of other barriers as important. 相似文献
104.
Charlotte Jørgensen 《Argumentation》2009,23(1):11-19
While still subject to differing interpretations Perelman’s theory of audience has potential as an evaluative tool in rhetorical criticism as demonstrated by Gross and Crosswhite. I compare their explanations of how politicians address the universal audience and the respective implications for evaluating the argumentation and then argue that although Gross provides a more immediately applicable theory, Crosswhite’s interpretation recommends itself by virtue of its wider scope in regard to deliberative rhetoric. 相似文献
105.
Rebecca Sachs Norris Author Vitae 《Religion》2009,39(1):22-33
Pain may be seen as a problem to be healed or as a means for healing. The secular biomedical view of pain is that it is to be avoided and alleviated; its only meaning is as a symptom of underlying disease. In contrast, there have been throughout history other views of suffering—as redemptive or as transformative, for example. This paper considers the disparity between these perspectives, examining the role of the emotions and the underlying neurobiological processes though which pain and suffering come to be experienced as meaningful, then analyzes interview material exploring how religion and religious beliefs help people cope with suffering or with pain. The experience of pain is subjective, enculturated experience; the meaning that pain or suffering holds within a given cultural context affects the experience of pain and suffering. In a context where pain and suffering are understood to be valuable, those experiences can be used for spiritual transformation and integrated within a meaningful identity. In contrast, in a context where pain and suffering are not understood to have value, that attitude can create more suffering, even in conditions meant to alleviate suffering, such as in biomedical situations. 相似文献
106.
Charlotte Dack 《Learning and motivation》2009,40(1):35-45
The study examined the role of caffeine consumption in caffeine reinforcement. Previous findings have shown that caffeine reinforced flavor preference in moderate caffeine consumers who are caffeine deprived. However, most of these studies have employed rating procedures only, and have not shown the effectiveness of caffeine to reinforce behaviors other than through subjective ratings. Twenty-five participants (15 low caffeine consumers, and 10 moderate caffeine consumers) were each given three exposures to a caffeinated drink, and three exposures to a non-caffeinated drink. Each drink was associated with a particular color. At each session, they were asked to rate the pleasantness of the drink, and choose from distinctively colored sweets. The results showed an increase in the rating of pleasantness for the caffeinated drink in moderate caffeine consumers, but a decrease in rated pleasantness for low caffeine consumers. The opposite effect was seen for the non-caffeinated drink. There was an increase in consumption of the number of sweets with the same color as that of the caffeine-paired drink in the moderate caffeine consumers. These findings suggest that caffeine may serve as a negative reinforcer, and that the alleviation of withdrawal symptoms may be associated with the flavor and appearance of the caffeinated drink. 相似文献
107.
Mandy Chen Charlotte Johnston Lisa Sheeber Craig Leve 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(1):119-130
This study examined whether negative parental attributions for adolescent behaviour mediate the association between parental
and adolescent depressive symptoms, and whether this relationship is moderated by adolescent gender. Mothers and fathers and
124 adolescents (76 girls and 48 boys; ages 14 to 18) participated. Adolescents were primarily Caucasian, and varied in the
level of depressive symptoms (with 27% of the sample meeting diagnostic criteria for a current unipolar depressive disorder).
Parents and adolescents completed measures of depressive symptoms, and participated in a videotaped problem-solving discussion.
After the discussion, each parent watched the videotape and, at 20 s intervals, offered attributions for their adolescent’s
behaviour. Adolescent gender moderated the relation between parental attributions and adolescent depressive symptoms, with
stronger associations for female adolescents. For both mothers and fathers, both parental depressive symptoms and negative
attributions about the adolescent’s behaviour made unique contributions to the prediction of depressive symptoms in adolescent
females. There also was evidence that negative attributions partially mediated the link between depressive symptoms in mothers
and adolescent daughters. The results are interpreted as consistent with parenting as a partial mediator between parental
and adolescent depressive symptoms, and suggest that adolescent girls may be particularly sensitive to parents’ negative interpretations
of their behaviour. 相似文献
108.
While viewing faces, human adults often demonstrate a natural gaze bias towards the left visual field, that is, the right
side of the viewee’s face is often inspected first and for longer periods. Using a preferential looking paradigm, we demonstrate
that this bias is neither uniquely human nor limited to primates, and provide evidence to help elucidate its biological function
within a broader social cognitive framework. We observed that 6-month-old infants showed a wider tendency for left gaze preference
towards objects and faces of different species and orientation, while in adults the bias appears only towards upright human
faces. Rhesus monkeys showed a left gaze bias towards upright human and monkey faces, but not towards inverted faces. Domestic
dogs, however, only demonstrated a left gaze bias towards human faces, but not towards monkey or dog faces, nor to inanimate
object images. Our findings suggest that face- and species-sensitive gaze asymmetry is more widespread in the animal kingdom
than previously recognised, is not constrained by attentional or scanning bias, and could be shaped by experience to develop
adaptive behavioural significance. 相似文献
109.
110.