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171.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether a short parent-training program (PT) reduces risk factors related to development of childhood socio-emotional and behavior problems in a non-clinical community sample. Data were obtained from parents in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) on PT for children aged 2 to 8 years (N=186) at pre-intervention, post-intervention and one-year-follow up. There were significant differences in the changes in the two groups, with reductions in harsh parenting and child behavior problems, an enhancement of positive parenting and of the parents' sense of competence in the intervention group. The effects on parenting and parents' satisfaction all lasted through one-year follow up. Our findings suggests that a shortened version of a well-structured parenting intervention, The Incredible Years program, implemented in primary care at community level, reduces harsh parenting and strengthens positive parenting and parents' sense of competence, as reported by the parents. Issues related to a public health approach to promote positive parenting are discussed. 相似文献
172.
We compared social self-competence ratings in 9–12 year old girls with (n = 42) versus without (n = 40) ADHD, relative to ratings of the girls’ social competence made by mothers, teachers, and blind raters during a social
laboratory task. Relative to scores from mothers, teachers, and the lab-task, girls with ADHD over-estimated their competence
significantly more than control girls. Over-estimates were greater for girls with ADHD who also had heightened oppositional-defiant
symptoms, or lower depressive symptoms. Over-estimates were positively related to a socially desirable reporting bias for
girls with ADHD, but not for control girls, suggesting that girls with ADHD attempt to present themselves in an unduly positive,
self-protective light. For girls with ADHD, over-estimates also were positively related to maladjustment and negatively related
to adjustment. However, for girls without ADHD, over-estimates were positively related to adjustment. Overall, over-estimates
of competence function differently in girls with and without ADHD. 相似文献
173.
Studies have suggested that children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) possess a Positive Illusory Bias (PIB) where they have higher self-perceptions of competence than more objective measures of their competence. However, recent research calls into question the primary methodology of these studies, that is, difference scores. This study investigated the PIB in boys with ADHD within the social domain using a novel methodology that refrains from using difference scores. Eighty-one 8- to 12-year-old boys with and without ADHD completed social interaction tasks where their actual social performance was made comparable, allowing for tests of between-group differences in self-perceptions that do not rely on difference scores. In addition, to examine whether clarity of social feedback moderates the presence of the PIB, the social tasks presented unclear, clear positive, or clear negative feedback. Boys rated how well they performed in each social interaction task, and these ratings were compared between ADHD and non-ADHD groups. Compared to the non-ADHD group, boys with ADHD did not show a PIB in their ratings of performance on the social tasks. There also was no moderation of boys’ ratings by type of feedback received. In contrast, when the PIB was calculated using difference scores based on child and parent ratings of child competence, boys with ADHD showed a PIB compared to boys without ADHD. These findings call attention to the need to re-examine the phenomenon of the PIB using methodologies outside of difference scores. 相似文献
174.
Job stressors, emotional exhaustion, and need for recovery: A multi-source study on the benefits of psychological detachment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper examines psychological detachment (i.e., mentally “switching off”) from work during non-work time as a partial mediator between job stressors and low work-home boundaries on the one hand and strain reactions (emotional exhaustion, need for recovery) on the other hand. Survey data were collected from a sample of protestant pastors (N = 136) and their spouses (N = 97). Analyses showed that high workload, emotional dissonance, and low spatial work-home boundaries were related to poor psychological detachment from work during non-work time. Poor psychological detachment in turn predicted high levels of emotional exhaustion and need for recovery. Psychological detachment was a partial mediator between job stressors and strain reactions. This study avoids same-source bias and demonstrates the importance of psychological detachment in the stressor–strain relationship. 相似文献
175.
Sandrine Vieillard Charlotte Pinabiaux 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2019,26(3):407-423
Many studies have examined the effect of aging on the ability to regulate negative emotions but less is known about the way the elderly people control their positive affects. Thirty-eight younger and 38 older adults were compared on their affective, expressive, physiological, and behavioral spontaneous responses to and in expressive regulation of mirth elicited by humorous cartoons. Compared to younger adults, older adults were equally amused and aroused but showed lower expressivity in their spontaneous reaction. They were similarly successful in implementing expressive regulation but they had lower physiological activation under amplification condition and more gaze avoidance from the key areas of the cartoons under suppression condition. This indicates that in older, amplification skills are disjointed from the physiological responses and suppression skills seem supplanted by a less costly strategy of attention redeployment. This also suggests that older adults’ behavior is not driven by a greater preference for positive information. 相似文献
176.
We studied associations among parents’ gender role attitudes, gender stereotyping in children’s environments, and children’s
gender role attitudes and whether these associations were similar for families with lesbian and heterosexual parents. Fifty-seven
4- to 6-year-olds and 114 parents from the US participated. Parents completed self-report questionnaires and responded to
interview questions. Researchers collected data regarding the child’s environment and attitudes about gender. Results revealed
that children with lesbian mothers had less stereotyped environments and less traditional attitudes. Parental attitudes were
associated with stereotyping in children’s environments and with children’s attitudes about gender. Both for lesbian and heterosexual
parents, the impact of parents’ attitudes on children’s attitudes was partially mediated by the nature of children’s environments. 相似文献
177.
Morein-Zamir S Hommersen P Johnston C Kingstone A 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(8):1199-1210
Fifteen children with ADHD aged 8 to 12 years and age and gender matched controls performed two different stopping tasks to
examine response performance and inhibition and their respective moment-to-moment variability. One task was the well-established
stop-signal task, while the other was a novel tracking task where the children tracked a spaceship on the screen until an
alarm indicated they should stop. Although performance was discrete in the stop signal task and continuous in the tracking
task, in both tasks latencies to the stop signal were significantly slowed in children with ADHD. Go performance and variability
did not significantly differ between ADHD and control children in either task. Importantly, stopping latency in the novel
spaceship tracking task also was more variable in children with ADHD. As stopping variability cannot be measured using the
standard stop signal task, the new task offers compelling support for the heretofore untested prediction that stopping is
both slowed and more variable in children with ADHD. The results support a response inhibition impairment in ADHD, whilst
limiting the extent of an intra-trial variability deficit.
相似文献
Sharon Morein-ZamirEmail: |
178.
Behavioral parent training (BPT) is a widely used, evidence-based treatment for externalizing child behaviors. However, the
ability of BPT programs to be maximally effective remains limited by relatively low rates of acceptance, attendance, and adherence
to treatment. Previous reviews have focused on a variety of demographic and mental health characteristics of parents and children
that are predictive of poor outcomes in BPT. This paper focuses instead on consideration of parental social cognitions, and
how incorporation of these cognitions may, or may not, be useful in advancing the effectiveness of BPT. We first review evidence
suggesting limited incremental effects to incorporating parental cognitions within the context of BPT programs. Then, we examine the role of two particular types of parental social cognitions, attributions
and parenting efficacy, in relation to the initial stages of accepting and engaging in BPT. We conclude by noting limitations in available research on the links between parental social
cognitions and BPT, and we outline a number of potentially useful directions that may clarify whether or not parental social
cognitions should be accorded greater attention either in the initial stages or throughout BPT programs. 相似文献
179.
This article takes the burgeoning interest in Celtic Christianity as a key example of the way in which churches may be responding to the changing spiritual and religious landscape in the United Kingdom today and examines the power of psychological type theory to account for variation in the attitude of committed churchgoers to this innovation. Data provided by a sample of 248 Anglican clergy and lay church officers (who completed the Francis Psychological Type Scales together with the Attitude toward Celtic Christianity Scale) demonstrated that intuitive types, feeling types, and perceiving types reported a more positive attitude towards Celtic Christianity than sensing types, thinking types, and judging types. These findings are interpreted to analyse the appeal of Celtic Christianity and to suggest why some committed churchgoers may find this innovation less attractive. 相似文献
180.
The generation effect (i.e., better recall of the generated items than the read items) was investigated with a between-list design in young and elderly participants. The generation task difficulty was manipulated by varying the strength of association between cues and targets. Overall, strong associates were better recalled than weak associates. However, the results showed different generation effect patterns according to strength of association and age, with a greater generation effect for weak associates in younger adults only. These findings suggest that generating weak associates leads to more elaborated encoding, but that elderly adults cannot use this elaborated encoding as well as younger adults to recall the target words at test. 相似文献