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621.
In the research reported here, we investigated whether 18-month-olds would use their own past experience of visual access to attribute perception and consequent beliefs to other people. Infants in this study wore either opaque blindfolds (opaque condition) or trick blindfolds that looked opaque but were actually transparent (trick condition). Then both groups of infants observed an actor wearing one of the same blindfolds that they themselves had experienced, while a puppet removed an object from its location. Anticipatory eye movements revealed that infants who had experienced opaque blindfolds expected the actor to behave in accordance with a false belief about the object's location, but that infants who had experienced trick blindfolds did not exhibit that expectation. Our results suggest that 18-month-olds used self-experience with the blindfolds to assess the actor's visual access and to update her belief state accordingly. These data constitute compelling evidence that 18-month-olds infer perceptual access and appreciate its causal role in altering the epistemic states of other people. 相似文献
622.
Randomised controlled studies in research environments have demonstrated dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) to be more efficacious than treatment as usual in reducing suicidal behaviour in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). Limited evidence exists for the effectiveness of DBT in the treatment of BPD within routine clinical settings. This study examines the clinical and cost effectiveness of providing DBT over treatment as usual in a routine Australian public mental health service. Forty-three adult patients with BPD were provided with outpatient DBT for six months with patient outcomes compared to those obtained from patients in a wait list group receiving treatment as usual (TAU) from the same service. After six months of treatment the DBT group showed significantly greater reductions in suicidal/non-suicidal self-injury, emergency department visits, psychiatric admissions and bed days. Self-report measures were administered to a reduced sample of patients. With this group, DBT patients demonstrated significantly improved depression, anxiety and general symptom severity scores compared to TAU at six months. Average treatment costs were significantly lower for those patients in DBT than those receiving TAU. Therapists who received intensive DBT training were shown to produce significantly greater improvements in patients’ suicidal and non-suicidal self-injury than therapists who received only 4 day basic training. Further clinical improvements were achieved in patients offered an additional six months of DBT. This study demonstrates that providing DBT to patients within routine public mental health settings can be both clinically effective and cost effective. 相似文献
623.
Chronis-Tuscano A O'Brien KA Johnston C Jones HA Clarke TL Raggi VL Rooney ME Diaz Y Pian J Seymour KE 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2011,39(7):1047-1057
This study examined the extent to which maternal attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms predict improvement
in child behavior following brief behavioral parent training. Change in parenting was examined as a potential mediator of
the negative relationship between maternal ADHD symptoms and improvement in child behavior. Seventy mothers of 6–10 year old
children with ADHD underwent a comprehensive assessment of adult ADHD prior to participating in an abbreviated parent training
program. Before and after treatment, parenting was assessed via maternal reports and observations and child disruptive behavior
was measured via maternal report. Controlling for pre-treatment levels, maternal ADHD symptomatology predicted post-treatment
child disruptive behavior problems. The relation between maternal ADHD symptomatology and improvement in child behavior was
mediated by change in observed maternal negative parenting. This study replicated findings linking maternal ADHD symptoms
with attenuated child improvement following parent training, and is the first to demonstrate that negative parenting at least
partially explains this relationship. Innovative approaches combining evidence-based treatment for adult ADHD with parent
training may therefore be necessary for families in which both the mother and child have ADHD. Larger-scale studies using
a full evidence-based parent training program are needed to replicate these findings. 相似文献
624.
625.
Matthew C. Reeder Charlotte L. Powers Ann Marie Ryan Robert E. Gibby 《International Journal of Selection & Assessment》2012,20(1):53-64
Individuals vary in how they perceive cognitive ability tests; thus, it is useful for organizations to consider how individual differences influence applicant perceptions of selection tools. The present study examined the influence of implicit theories of ability and locus of control on perceptions of face validity and predictive validity for two cognitive ability tests. Relationships between perceptions and test experience, job‐relevant experience, and job familiarity were also examined. Interactions between implicit theories and self‐assessed performance in predicting perceptions were found, although not of the form hypothesized. Furthermore, job familiarity and prior success in selection contexts were related to perceptions. Finally, sample type interacted with test type to influence perceptions. Implications for selection system design and research on applicant perceptions are discussed. 相似文献
626.
Cultural Variations in Mothers’ Acceptance of and Intent to Use Behavioral Child Management Techniques 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We examined cultural differences in mothers’ acceptance of and intent to use behavioral parenting techniques for managing
disruptive child behavior, and the possible roles of parenting styles and implicit theories in explaining these cultural differences.
A community sample of 117 Euro-Canadian and Chinese-immigrant mothers of boys aged 4- to 8-years participated. Chinese-immigrant
mothers had more favorable attitudes towards punishment techniques (i.e., overcorrection and spanking) than Euro-Canadian
mothers, and mothers’ authoritarian parenting style accounted for this cultural difference. No cultural differences were found
in mothers’ attitudes towards reward (i.e., praise and token economy) or withdrawal of positive reinforcement (i.e., response
cost and time-out). This study helps to inform efforts to increase the cultural sensitivity of mental health services for
the underserved population of Chinese-immigrant families. 相似文献
627.
The basolateral amygdala (BLA) and the dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) are both structures with key roles in contextual fear conditioning. During fear conditioning, it is postulated that contextual representations of the environment are formed in the hippocampus, which are then associated with foot shock in the amygdala. However, it is not known to what extent a functional connection between these two structures is required. This study investigated the effect on contextual and cued fear conditioning of disconnecting the BLA and dHPC, using asymmetrically placed, excitotoxic unilateral lesions. Post-training lesions selectively impaired contextual, but not cued, fear, while pretraining lesions resulted in a similar but nonsignificant pattern of results. This effect was unexpectedly observed in both the contralateral disconnection group and the anticipated ipsilateral control, which prompted further examination of individual unilateral lesions of BLA and dHPC. Post-training unilateral dHPC lesions had no effect on contextual fear memories while bilateral dHPC lesions and unilateral BLA lesions resulted in a near total abolition of contextual fear but not cued conditioned fear. Again, pretraining unilateral BLA lesions resulted in a strong but nonsignificant trend to the impairment of contextual fear. Furthermore, an analysis of context test-induced Fos protein expression in the BLA contralateral to the lesion site revealed no differences between post-training SHAM and unilateral BLA lesioned animals. Therefore, post-training unilateral lesions of the BLA are sufficient to severely impair contextual, but not cued, fear memories. 相似文献
628.
629.
Charlotte Woodcock Jennifer CummingJoan L. Duda Lee-Ann Sharp 《Psychology of sport and exercise》2012,13(3):291-302
Objective
To examine how working within Hanin’s (2000a) Individual Zone of Optimal Functioning theoretical model (IZOF) informs intervention development for enhancing athletes’ emotion regulation skills.Design
A single case study design was adopted to examine the applied process of facilitating a female university cross-country runner’s emotion regulation skills.Method
Consultant reflections followed Boud’s (2001) reflective learning model for immediate and delayed reflection that informed an action research narrative organized round Kellmann and Beckmann’s (2003) action research cycle. A social validation interview was conducted following program completion to examine the athlete’s responses to the emotion regulation intervention.Results
Consultant’s professional practice decisions and action taken to support the intervention are highlighted. Specifically, the employment and extension of Hanin’s (2000c) IZOF profiling process to inform the development of athlete skills in emotion regulation are described. Moreover, how the content and intensity of performance related subjective emotion, physiological symptom, and cognitive zone profiles for optimal performance guided the identification and enhancement of techniques contributing to effective emotion regulation is illustrated. Athlete interview responses support the overall efficacy of the intervention program.Conclusion
The present case study supports the efficacy of working within an IZOF framework from a consultant perspective. Furthermore, athlete reflections suggest enhanced skills in emotion regulation were perceived to result from the intervention. 相似文献630.