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121.
Charlotte Jørgensen 《Argumentation》2009,23(1):11-19
While still subject to differing interpretations Perelman’s theory of audience has potential as an evaluative tool in rhetorical criticism as demonstrated by Gross and Crosswhite. I compare their explanations of how politicians address the universal audience and the respective implications for evaluating the argumentation and then argue that although Gross provides a more immediately applicable theory, Crosswhite’s interpretation recommends itself by virtue of its wider scope in regard to deliberative rhetoric. 相似文献
122.
O’Connor Jennifer Rafferty Aoife Barnes-Holmes Dermot Barnes-Holmes Yvonne 《The Psychological record》2009,59(1):53-74
The Psychological Record - The emergence of equivalence relations and the role of overall verbal competence and stimulus nameability and familiarity in this regard were investigated across 3... 相似文献
123.
Charlotte Dack 《Learning and motivation》2009,40(1):35-45
The study examined the role of caffeine consumption in caffeine reinforcement. Previous findings have shown that caffeine reinforced flavor preference in moderate caffeine consumers who are caffeine deprived. However, most of these studies have employed rating procedures only, and have not shown the effectiveness of caffeine to reinforce behaviors other than through subjective ratings. Twenty-five participants (15 low caffeine consumers, and 10 moderate caffeine consumers) were each given three exposures to a caffeinated drink, and three exposures to a non-caffeinated drink. Each drink was associated with a particular color. At each session, they were asked to rate the pleasantness of the drink, and choose from distinctively colored sweets. The results showed an increase in the rating of pleasantness for the caffeinated drink in moderate caffeine consumers, but a decrease in rated pleasantness for low caffeine consumers. The opposite effect was seen for the non-caffeinated drink. There was an increase in consumption of the number of sweets with the same color as that of the caffeine-paired drink in the moderate caffeine consumers. These findings suggest that caffeine may serve as a negative reinforcer, and that the alleviation of withdrawal symptoms may be associated with the flavor and appearance of the caffeinated drink. 相似文献
124.
Mandy Chen Charlotte Johnston Lisa Sheeber Craig Leve 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(1):119-130
This study examined whether negative parental attributions for adolescent behaviour mediate the association between parental
and adolescent depressive symptoms, and whether this relationship is moderated by adolescent gender. Mothers and fathers and
124 adolescents (76 girls and 48 boys; ages 14 to 18) participated. Adolescents were primarily Caucasian, and varied in the
level of depressive symptoms (with 27% of the sample meeting diagnostic criteria for a current unipolar depressive disorder).
Parents and adolescents completed measures of depressive symptoms, and participated in a videotaped problem-solving discussion.
After the discussion, each parent watched the videotape and, at 20 s intervals, offered attributions for their adolescent’s
behaviour. Adolescent gender moderated the relation between parental attributions and adolescent depressive symptoms, with
stronger associations for female adolescents. For both mothers and fathers, both parental depressive symptoms and negative
attributions about the adolescent’s behaviour made unique contributions to the prediction of depressive symptoms in adolescent
females. There also was evidence that negative attributions partially mediated the link between depressive symptoms in mothers
and adolescent daughters. The results are interpreted as consistent with parenting as a partial mediator between parental
and adolescent depressive symptoms, and suggest that adolescent girls may be particularly sensitive to parents’ negative interpretations
of their behaviour. 相似文献
125.
Paul J. Silvia Emily C. Nusbaum Christopher Berg Christopher Martin Alejandra OConnor 《Journal of research in personality》2009,43(6):1087-1090
What are creative people like? Openness to experience is important to creativity, but little is known about plasticity, the higher-order factor that subsumes openness. College students (n = 189) completed measures of the Big Five and measures of creative cognition (fluency and quality of divergent thinking), everyday creative behaviors, creative achievement, and self-rated creativity. Latent variable models found broad effects of openness to experience and few effects of the other four domains. At the higher-order level, plasticity predicted higher scores on nearly all of the facets of creativity, and stability had several significant effects. For some creativity measures, plasticity and stability had opposing effects. Tests of latent interactions found no significant effects: plasticity and stability predict creatively independently, not jointly. 相似文献
126.
Two experiments employed experience sampling to examine the factors associated with a prospective and retrospective focus during mind wandering. Experiment One explored the contribution of working memory and indicated that participants generally prospect when the task does not require continuous monitoring. Experiment Two demonstrated that in the context of reading, interest in what was read suppressed both past and future-related task-unrelated-thought. Moreover, in disinterested individuals the temporal focus during mind wandering depended on the amount of experience with the topic matter—less experienced individuals tended to prospect, while more experienced individuals tended to retrospect. Together these results suggest that during mind wandering participants’ are inclined to prospect as long as the task does not require their undivided attention and raise the intriguing possibility that autobiographical associations with the current task environment have the potential to cue the disinterested mind. 相似文献
127.
Laurie Beth Feldman Patrick A. O’Connor Fermín Moscoso del Prado Martín 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2009,16(4):684-691
Many studies have suggested that a word’s orthographic form must be processed before its meaning becomes available. Some interpret
the (null) finding of equal facilitation after semantically transparent and opaque morphologically related primes in early
stages of morphological processing as consistent with this view. Recent literature suggests that morphological facilitation
tends to be greater after transparent than after opaque primes, however. To determine whether the degree of semantic transparency
influences parsing into a stem and a suffix (morphological decomposition) in the forward masked priming variant of the lexical
decision paradigm, we compared patterns of facilitation between semantically transparent (e.g., coolant—cool) and opaque (e.g., rampant—ramp) prime—target pairs. Form properties of the stem (frequency, neighborhood size, and prime—target letter overlap), as well
as related—unrelated and transparent—opaque affixes, were matched. Morphological facilitation was significantly greater for
semantically transparent pairs than for opaque pairs. Ratings of prime—target relatedness predicted the magnitude of facilitation.
The results limit the scope of form-then-meaning models of word recognition and demonstrate that semantic similarity can influence
even early stages of morphological processing. The research reported here was supported by National Institute of Child Health
and Development Grant HD-01994 to Haskins Laboratories. 相似文献
128.
129.
While viewing faces, human adults often demonstrate a natural gaze bias towards the left visual field, that is, the right
side of the viewee’s face is often inspected first and for longer periods. Using a preferential looking paradigm, we demonstrate
that this bias is neither uniquely human nor limited to primates, and provide evidence to help elucidate its biological function
within a broader social cognitive framework. We observed that 6-month-old infants showed a wider tendency for left gaze preference
towards objects and faces of different species and orientation, while in adults the bias appears only towards upright human
faces. Rhesus monkeys showed a left gaze bias towards upright human and monkey faces, but not towards inverted faces. Domestic
dogs, however, only demonstrated a left gaze bias towards human faces, but not towards monkey or dog faces, nor to inanimate
object images. Our findings suggest that face- and species-sensitive gaze asymmetry is more widespread in the animal kingdom
than previously recognised, is not constrained by attentional or scanning bias, and could be shaped by experience to develop
adaptive behavioural significance. 相似文献
130.