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891.
Glossaries of introductory textbooks in psychology, biology, and animal behavior were surveyed to find whether they induded the word 'behavior'. In addition to texts, encyclopedias and dictionaries devoted to the study of behavior were also surveyed. Of the 138 tests sampled across all three fields, only 38 (27%) included the term 'behavior' in their glossaries. Of the 15 encyclopedias and dictionaries surveyed, only 5 defined 'behavior'. To assess whether the term 'behavior' has disappeared from textbook glossaries or whether it has usually been absent, we sampled 23 introductory psychology texts written from 1886 to 1958. Only two texts contained glossaries, and the word 'behavior' was defined in both. An informal survey was conducted of students enrolled in introductory classes in psychology, biology, and animal behavior to provide data on the consistency of definitions. Students were asked to "define the word 'behavior'." Analysis indicated the definition was dependent upon the course. We suggest that future introductory textbook authors and editors of psychology-based dictionaries and encyclopedias include 'behavior' in their glossaries. 相似文献
892.
893.
Perfetti CA Wlotko EW Hart LA 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2005,31(6):1281-1292
Adults learned the meanings of rare words (e.g., gloaming) and then made meaning judgments on pairs of words. The 1st word was a trained rare word, an untrained rare word, or an untrained familiar word. Event-related potentials distinguished trained rare words from both untrained rare and familiar words, first at 140 ms and again at 400-600 ms after onset of the 1st word. These results may point to an episodic memory effect. The 2nd word produced an N400 that distinguished trained and familiar word pairs that were related in meaning from unrelated word pairs. Skilled comprehenders learned more words than less skilled comprehenders and showed a stronger episodic memory effect at 400-600 ms on the 1st word and a stronger N400 effect on the 2nd word. These results suggest that superior word learning among skilled comprehenders may arise from a stronger episodic trace that includes orthographic and meaning information and illustrate, how an episodic theory of word identification can explain reading skill. 相似文献
894.
Caravolas M Kessler B Hulme C Snowling M 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2005,92(4):307-321
This study investigated children's sensitivity to spelling consistency, and lexical and sublexical (rime) frequency, and their use of explicitly learned canonical vowel graphemes in the early stages of learning to spell. Vowel spellings produced by 78 British children at the end of reception year (mean age 5 years, 7 months) and 6 months later in mid-Year 1 were assessed. Regression analyses revealed that, at both test times, knowledge of sound-letter correspondences influenced spelling performance; however, unconditional consistency of vowel spellings affected children's spelling most strongly, over and above additional effects of word and rime frequency and the complexity of the target vowel grapheme. The effect of conditional consistency of vowel spellings given coda contexts was not significant. Thus, young children are sensitive to various statistical properties of the orthography from the earliest phases of spelling development and, in particular, to the unconditional consistency of the vowel spelling pattern. 相似文献
895.
This study examined how perceived position and velocity regarding approach and avoidance in romantic relationships relate to affective experiences. The authors hypothesized that perceived progress toward intimacy would predict positive affect and that perceived movement toward conflict would predict anxious affect. Ninety-two romantic couples recorded perceived levels of, and perceived changes in, both intimacy and conflict twice daily throughout 10 consecutive days using electronic palm-top devices. Multilevel modeling demonstrated that perceived increase in intimacy related to positive affect above and beyond perceptions of intimacy, conflict, and changes in conflict, for both male and female partners. Perceived increase in conflict related to anxious affect above and beyond perceptions of conflict, intimacy, and changes in intimacy, but only among male partners. Findings support a dual-process view of these feelings in romantic relationships and suggest that increases in positive feelings in close relationships depend on enhancing intimacy rather than on decreasing conflict. 相似文献
896.
Bruce?E.?WampoldEmail author James?W.?Lichtenberg Charles?A.?Waehler 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》2005,35(1):27-38
The process of identifying empirically supported treatments developed by the Division 12 of the American Psychological Association has been criticized from various perspectives. However, there are a number of alternative evidence-based models for using research findings to increase the efficacy of mental health services. In this article, the principles of empirically supported interventions developed and adopted by Division 17 (Society of Counseling Psychology) are presented. These principles (a) utilize a broad perspective of evidence, (b) consider a range of psychological interventions, (c) emphasize the quantitative aggregate of research evidence, (d) consider various levels of specificity, and (e) recognize philosophy of science issues that impinge on the types of conclusions that can be made. 相似文献
897.
Positive- and negative-reinforcement-based procedures typically have targeted acceptance for children with severe food refusal; however, these procedures do not always result in successful swallowing. Once acceptance is achieved, some children expel the food repeatedly or pack (hold or pocket) it in their mouths for extended periods of time. This study evaluated the effects of using food redistribution with a bristled massaging toothbrush to reduce packing and increase consumption in 4 children with severe feeding disorders. Packing was reduced for all children. In addition, latency to clean mouth (the duration of time from acceptance to food no longer being present in the child's mouth in the absence of expulsion) for 2 children decreased when the food-redistribution procedure was used. Results are discussed in terms of the potential operant functions of the food-redistribution procedure. 相似文献
898.
Locurto C 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2005,119(4):387-393
Previous research (C. Locurto, C. Emidy, & S. Hannan, 2002) indicated that mice quickly learned a water-escape task under a win-shift contingency but did not exceed chance-level performance under a win-stay contingency. We examined the robustness of this conclusion in two experiments by varying procedural and temporal aspects of that earlier experiment. Results of both experiments indicated that the preference for win-shift learning in mice under water-escape motivation could not be attributed to procedural or design features of that earlier study and were independent of the influence of intertrial interval, normally a variable that produces strong effects on learning. In neither experiment did subjects exposed to a win-stay contingency perform at above-chance levels. 相似文献
899.
900.
Across three experiments, participants made speeded elevation discrimination responses to vibrotactile targets presented to
the thumb (held in a lower position) or the index finger (upper position) of either hand, while simultaneously trying to ignore
visual distractors presented independently from either the same or a different elevation. Performance on the vibrotactile
elevation discrimination task was slower and less accurate when the visual distractor was incongruent with the elevation of
the vibrotactile target (e.g., a lower light during the presentation of an upper vibrotactile target to the index finger) than when they were congruent, showing that people cannot completely ignore vision
when selectively attending to vibrotactile information. We investigated the attentional, temporal, and spatial modulation
of these cross-modal congruency effects by manipulating the direction of endogenous tactile spatial attention, the stimulus
onset asynchrony between target and distractor, and the spatial separation between the vibrotactile target, any visual distractors,
and the participant’s two hands within and across hemifields. Our results provide new insights into the spatiotemporal modulation
of crossmodal congruency effects and highlight the utility of this paradigm for investigating the contributions of visual,
tactile, and proprioceptive inputs to the multisensory representation of peripersonal space. 相似文献