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811.
Placing a prosodic boundary before a phrase may influence its syntactic analysis. However, the boundary’s effect depends on
the presence, size, and position of other, earlier, prosodic boundaries. In three experiments, we extend previous results
about the effect of the position of the early boundary. In sentences in which a final phrase may modify either a local verb
or an earlier verb, a boundary immediately after the first verb leads to more first-verb attachments than when the earlier
boundary appears in another position between the two verbs (Experiments 1 and 2). This effect cannot be attributed to weaker
effects of more distant boundaries (Experiment 2), but is likely due to the first verb being more prominent when a boundary
immediately follows it, since similar effects are observed when the verb is accented (Experiment 3). The results support the
informative boundary hypothesis and show that the impact of earlier, nonlocal boundaries is not fully uniform. 相似文献
812.
813.
Rex E. Jung Charles Gasparovic Robert S. Chavez Arvind Caprihan Ranee Barrow Ronald A. Yeo 《Intelligence》2009,37(2):192-198
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) is a technique for the assay of brain neurochemistry in vivo. N-acetylaspartate (NAA), the most prominent metabolite visible within the 1H-MRS spectrum, is found primarily within neurons. The current study was designed to further elucidate NAA–cognition relationships, particularly whether such relationships are moderated by sex, or tissue type (gray or white matter). We administered standard measures of intelligence to 63 young, healthy subjects and obtained spectroscopic imaging data within a slab of tissue superior to the lateral ventricles. We found that lower NAA within right anterior gray matter predicted better performance VIQ (F = 6.83, p = .011, r2 = .10), while higher NAA within the right posterior gray matter region predicted better PIQ (F = 8.175, p = .006, r2 = .12). These findings add to the small but growing body of literature linking brain biochemistry to intelligence in normal healthy subjects using 1H-MRSI. 相似文献
814.
Ashley A. Gorman Jessica M. Foley Mark L. Ettenhofer Charles H. Hinkin Wilfred G. van Gorp 《Neuropsychology review》2009,19(2):186-203
This review focuses on the “real world” implications of infection with HIV/AIDS from a neuropsychological perspective. Relevant
literature is reviewed which examines the relationships between HIV-associated neuropsychological impairment and employment,
driving, medication adherence, mood, fatigue, and interpersonal functioning. Specifically, the relative contributions of medical,
cognitive, psychosocial, and psychiatric issues on whether someone with HIV/AIDS will be able to return to work, adhere to
a complicated medication regimen, or safely drive a vehicle will be discussed. Methodological issues that arise in the context
of measuring medication adherence or driving capacity are also explored. Finally, the impact of HIV/AIDS on mood state, fatigue,
and interpersonal relationships are addressed, with particular emphasis on how these variables interact with cognition and
independent functioning. The purpose of this review is to integrate neuropsychological findings with their real world correlates
of functional behavior in the HIV/AIDS population. 相似文献
815.
John M. Henderson George L. Malcolm Charles Schandl 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2009,16(5):850-856
We investigated whether the deployment of attention in scenes is better explained by visual salience or by cognitive relevance.
In two experiments, participants searched for target objects in scene photographs. The objects appeared in semantically appropriate
locations but were not visually salient within their scenes. Search was fast and efficient, with participants much more likely
to look to the targets than to the salient regions. This difference was apparent from the first fixation and held regardless
of whether participants were familiar with the visual form of the search targets. In the majority of trials, salient regions
were not fixated. The critical effects were observed for all 24 participants across the two experiments. We outline a cognitive
relevance framework to account for the control of attention and fixation in scenes. 相似文献
816.
817.
Tracy Riggins Neely C. Miller Patricia J. Bauer Michael K. Georgieff Charles A. Nelson 《Developmental science》2009,12(2):209-219
The ability to recall contextual details associated with an event begins to develop in the first year of life, yet adult levels of recall are not reached until early adolescence. Dual‐process models of memory suggest that the distinct retrieval process that supports the recall of such contextual information is recollection. In the present investigation, we used both behavioral and electrophysiological measures to assess the development of memory for contextual details, as indexed by memory for temporal order, in early childhood. Results revealed age‐related improvements in memory for temporal order despite similar levels of memory for the individual items themselves. Furthermore, this pattern of recall was associated with specific components in the electrophysiological response. Consistent with electrophysiological research in adults, distributed, positive‐going activity late in the waveform was associated with increases in recall of contextual details and the development of recollective processes. 相似文献
818.
Successful integration of individuals in macaque societies suggests that monkeys use fast and efficient perceptual mechanisms
to discriminate between conspecifics. Humans and great apes use primarily holistic and configural, but also feature-based,
processing for face recognition. The relative contribution of these processes to face recognition in monkeys is not known.
We measured face recognition in three monkeys performing a visual paired comparison task. Monkey and humans faces were (1)
axially rotated, (2) inverted, (3) high-pass filtered, and (4) low-pass filtered to isolate different face processing strategies.
The amount of time spent looking at the eyes, mouth, and other facial features was compared across monkey and human faces
for each type of stimulus manipulation. For all monkeys, face recognition, expressed as novelty preference, was intact for
monkey faces that were axially rotated or spatially filtered and was supported in general by preferential looking at the eyes,
but was impaired for inverted faces in two of the three monkeys. Axially rotated, upright human faces with a full range of
spatial frequencies were also recognized, however, the distribution of time spent exploring each facial feature was significantly
different compared to monkey faces. No novelty preference, and hence no inferred recognition, was observed for inverted or
low-pass filtered human faces. High-pass filtered human faces were recognized, however, the looking pattern on facial features
deviated from the pattern observed for monkey faces. Taken together these results indicate large differences in recognition
success and in perceptual strategies used by monkeys to recognize humans versus conspecifics. Monkeys use both second-order
configural and feature-based processing to recognize the faces of conspecifics, but they use primarily feature-based strategies
to recognize human faces. 相似文献
819.
820.
We present the theoretical and practical difficulties of inferring the cognitive processes involved in spatial movement decisions
of primates and other animals based on studies of their foraging behavior in the wild. Because the possible cognitive processes
involved in foraging are not known a priori for a given species, some observed spatial movements could be consistent with
a large number of processes ranging from simple undirected search processes to strategic goal-oriented travel. Two basic approaches
can help to reveal the cognitive processes: (1) experiments designed to test specific mechanisms; (2) comparison of observed
movements with predicted ones based on models of hypothesized foraging modes (ideally, quantitative ones). We describe how
these two approaches have been applied to evidence for spatial knowledge of resources in primates, and for various hypothesized
goals of spatial decisions in primates, reviewing what is now established. We conclude with a synthesis emphasizing what kinds
of spatial movement data on unmanipulated primate populations in the wild are most useful in deciphering goal-oriented processes
from random processes. Basic to all of these is an estimate of the animal’s ability to detect resources during search. Given
knowledge of the animal’s detection ability, there are several observable patterns of resource use incompatible with a pure
search process. These patterns include increasing movement speed when approaching versus leaving a resource, increasingly
directed movement toward more valuable resources, and directed travel to distant resources from many starting locations. Thus,
it should be possible to assess and compare spatial cognition across a variety of primate species and thus trace its ecological
and evolutionary correlates.
This contribution is part of the special issue “A Socioecological Perspective on Primate Cognition” (Cunningham and Janson
2007b) 相似文献