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101.
With the end of the cold war, issues of environment and economic development are assuming greater international salience.
By the 1970s, environmental degradation was becoming pervasive, with growing global effects. Increasingly, global and emergent
globalized problems are forcing environmental interdependence on the world. Transboundary threats cannot be addressed unilaterally
by any single country or group of countries. The global environmental agenda is reviving the North-South debate and rejuvenating
the Third World coalition in international fora.
The encouragement of environmentally sustainable forms of industrialization in the South requires expanded and improved international
cooperation. However, the North’s greater resources and greater responsibility in causing global environmental degradation
require its continuing involvement in the search for solutions, including ones applicable to newly industrializing countries.
In June 1992, the largest intergovernmental conference ever held was convened in Rio de Janeiro to address these issues: the
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED, or the Earth Summit). It produced a consensus action plan
of about 700 pages: Agenda 21. Agenda 21 presents massive challenges for international cooperation as well as for national
and private actors and scientific and technical institutions. It reflects a complex configuration of demands for institutional
arrangements that support environmentally sustainable technical and socioeconomic change. One of the most consistent of the
Agenda 21 themes, and one of the most intractable issues, concerns “access to technology.” This can be as straightforward
as diagnosing and improving the efficiency of a production process in a small manufacturing firm, or as complex as engineering
a technological revolution in which production and consumption take place with virtually no material or energy loss to the
environment. The selection of entry points for action is a critical strategic problem as well as an important operational
issue.
In this paper I identify and describe new initiatives intended to improve the environmental performance of industry in the
South, and find that they largely aim to promote incremental industrial innovation through international technology transfer
and diffusion. This strategy raises many questions about how to promote effective technology transfer and diffusion.
This is a revised version of a paper prepared for the ORSTOM/UNESCO Conference “20th Century Science: Beyond the Metropolis,”
Paris, 19–23 Sept. 1994. 相似文献
102.
Charles P. Chen 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》1995,13(2):117-129
To explore the potential of Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) with clients of Chinese background, a brief review is conducted
with respect to parallels between RET philosophy and some key components of Chinese culture and ways in which Chinese think.
Arguments are advanced as to why RET is particularly suitable for use within a Chinese cultural context. Issues involved in
using RET with Chinese clients are addressed including the appreciation many Chinese have for the logical and rational aspects
of RET, the most appropriate type of client-counselor relationship to facilitate RET therapeutic progress, appropriate ways
to dispute, and some cautionary words on the use of “emotive methods”. Areas where the RET counselor needs to be particularly
sensitive to the cultural background of the client are highlighted.
Charles P. Chen holds a master's degree in educational counseling and is currently a Ph.D. student and instructor in the Department
of Counselling Psychology at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada. His interests include cross-cultural
and multi-cultural counseling, career counseling, and group counseling. 相似文献
103.
Frame multiplicity and policy fiascoes: Limits to explanation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The dynamics of intractability, frame multiplicity and intense controversy not only characterize policy formation struggles, as described by Schön and Rein, but also affect the evaluation of policies and government action. Policy analysts play an important part in the politics of policy evaluation. This article demonstrates that they tend to produce very different explanations for controversial, failing policies. Such differing explanations imply different causal attributions, different allocations of blame, and different lessons for future policy-making. Such differences are not random occurrences; they are embedded in the analytical frames that evaluators use to reconstruct policy processes and to explain their outcomes. It is shown that at least three deep-rooted frames can be reconstructed: fiascoes as failures of public problem solving, fiascoes as institutional imbalances, and fiascoes as system artefacts. One of the great epistemological challenges is how to deal with multiple analytical frames. The final part of the article discusses various strategies. 相似文献
104.
Charles Wallis 《Synthese》1994,98(2):243-269
In this paper, I delineate two major problems facing reliabilist approaches in epistemology. I argue that Alvin Goodman's (1986) position fails to solve either problem. I then suggest an alternative reliabilist approach that ties truth-ratio assessments to particular, well-specified cognitive tasks. I claim that a well-specified cognitive task is an empirical hypothesis about a system that involves the specification of input and output types and nomic correlations (including statistical correlations) that underlie the system's performance. On my approach, one characterizes processes by reference to the system's dispositions across the situations consistent with the task. Characterization is best understood as revealing a strategy or a set of strategies for generating outputs from inputs relying on certain nomic correlations associated with the task. 相似文献
105.
Norman M. Kiracofe Patsy A. Donn Charles O. Grant Edward E. Podolnick Rosie P. Bingham Herbert R. Bolland Clarke G. Carney Judith Clementson Robert P. Gallagher Richard D. Grosz Lee Handy Janet H. Hansche Judith K. Mack Donald Sanz Lilly J. Walker Kerry T. Yamada 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1994,73(1):38-43
The accreditation standards outlined in the article are used by the International Association of Counseling Services, Inc., as the basis for the formal accreditation of college and university counseling programs throughout the United States and Canada. They reflect the program elements and practice standards that are deemed essential in a counseling center that provides high-quality services to students. 相似文献
106.
Charles A. Waehler Susan I. Hardin James R. Rogers 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1994,73(1):88-93
Fee as a variable that could have an impact on college students' perceptions of counseling was explored because of the authentic concerns about college counseling centers needing to charge direct fees for their services. Participants (N = 350) represented a cross-section of potential consumers of psychological services, not just individuals currently receiving services. On an overt level, fees seemed to be less influential in counseling considerations, but were taken into account on a more covert level. This study supports the psychological literature, which suggests that fee is not the most important factor in clients' decisions to seek counseling. Implications for counselors, administrators, researchers, and program planners are discussed. 相似文献
107.
108.
109.
Results from previous visual search studies have suggested that abrupt onsets produce involuntary shifts of attention (i.e., attentional capture), but discontinuities in simple features such as color and brightness do not (Jonides & Yantis, 1988). In the present study we tested whether feature discontinuities (i.e., “singletons”) can produce attentional capture in a visual search task if defined “locally” or over a small spatial range. On each trial, a variable number of letters appeared, one of which differed from the others in color or intensity. The location of this singleton was uncorrelated with target location. Local discontinuities were created by embedding the letters in a dot texture. In Experiment 1, display size effects for singleton targets were not reduced with the addition of a background dot texture. Similar results were obtained in Experiment 2, regardless of variations in texture density. Experiment 3 confirmed that when targets are defined by a color or intensity singleton, they are detected preattentively, and that increasing texture density yields faster detection. We conclude that the spatial range over which feature discontinuities are defined may influence the guidance of spatial attention, but it has no influence on their ability to capture attention. 相似文献
110.