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911.
Across three experiments, participants made speeded elevation discrimination responses to vibrotactile targets presented to
the thumb (held in a lower position) or the index finger (upper position) of either hand, while simultaneously trying to ignore
visual distractors presented independently from either the same or a different elevation. Performance on the vibrotactile
elevation discrimination task was slower and less accurate when the visual distractor was incongruent with the elevation of
the vibrotactile target (e.g., a lower light during the presentation of an upper vibrotactile target to the index finger) than when they were congruent, showing that people cannot completely ignore vision
when selectively attending to vibrotactile information. We investigated the attentional, temporal, and spatial modulation
of these cross-modal congruency effects by manipulating the direction of endogenous tactile spatial attention, the stimulus
onset asynchrony between target and distractor, and the spatial separation between the vibrotactile target, any visual distractors,
and the participant’s two hands within and across hemifields. Our results provide new insights into the spatiotemporal modulation
of crossmodal congruency effects and highlight the utility of this paradigm for investigating the contributions of visual,
tactile, and proprioceptive inputs to the multisensory representation of peripersonal space. 相似文献
912.
Sanabria D Soto-Faraco S Chan JS Spence C 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2004,4(2):218-229
Several studies have shown that the direction in which a visual apparent motion stream moves can influence the perceived direction
of an auditory apparent motion stream (an effect known as crossmodal dynamic capture). However, little is known about the role that intramodal perceptual grouping processes play in the multisensory integration
of motion information. The present study was designed to investigate the time course of any modulation of the cross-modal
dynamic capture effect by the nature of the perceptual grouping taking place within vision. Participants were required to
judge the direction of an auditory apparent motion stream while trying to ignore visual apparent motion streams presented
in a variety of different configurations. Our results demonstrate that the cross-modal dynamic capture effect was influenced
more by visual perceptual grouping when the conditions for intramodal perceptual grouping were set up prior to the presentation of the audiovisual apparent motion stimuli. However, no such modulation occurred when the visual perceptual
grouping manipulation was established at the same time as or after the presentation of the audiovisual stimuli. These results
highlight the importance of the unimodal perceptual organization of sensory information to the manifestation of multisensory
integration. 相似文献
913.
Presents a comment on "Psychological Treatments" by D. H. Barlow. Barlow highlighted unique roles that psychologists can play in mental health service delivery by providing psychological treatments--treatments that psychologists would be uniquely qualified to design and deliver. In support of Barlow's position, the authors draw from their own clinical practice with special psychiatric populations, such as adults with severe and persistent mental illness and behaviorally disordered youths, to illustrate some potential unique roles for psychologists. The authors believe psychologists are uniquely trained to design such individualized functional behavioral analysis protocols because of their training in research design, behavior analysis, learning theory, and behavior change. Psychologists may also be uniquely qualified to design, implement, and evaluate many specialized therapy techniques, as Barlow has outlined and suggested. 相似文献
914.
It has been noted for some time that given information tends to be placed before new information (e.g., Clark & Clark, 1977). To determine whether this holds generally, double-object and NP-PP sentences like the following were tested in two speeded acceptability judgment experiments. (1A) The senator mailed the woman a report. (1B) The senator mailed a woman the report. (1C) The senator mailed the report to a woman. (1D) The senator mailed a report to the woman. Given-before-new (or definite before indefinite) ordering facilitated processing for double-object structures, with (1A) processed faster and accepted more often than (1B), but did not facilitate processing of (1C) relative to (1D) in NP-PP structures. A third self-paced reading experiment showed that the advantage of the definite-before-indefinite new ordering holds for constructions with a shifted NP (The senator mailed to the woman a report) but also showed that facilitation from having a definite NP immediately after the verb was limited to cases where the two arguments of a verb contrast in definiteness. The results suggest that the presumed given-before-new preference is not general, but is instead limited to certain constructions and is based on the language comprehension system being sensitive to the requirements of language production. 相似文献
915.
Collin CA Liu CH Troje NF McMullen PA Chaudhuri A 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2004,30(5):975-987
Previous studies have suggested that face identification is more sensitive to variations in spatial frequency content than object recognition, but none have compared how sensitive the 2 processes are to variations in spatial frequency overlap (SFO). The authors tested face and object matching accuracy under varying SFO conditions. Their results showed that object recognition was more robust to SFO variations than face recognition and that the vulnerability of faces was not due to reliance on configural processing. They suggest that variations in sensitivity to SFO help explain the vulnerability of face recognition to changes in image format and the lack of a middle-frequency advantage in object recognition. 相似文献
916.
Arousal, valence, and memory for detail 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A common finding in the emotion-memory literature is that memory is enhanced for positively arousing stimuli and negatively arousing stimuli relative to neutral stimuli. We tested the notion that post-stimulus elaboration is responsible for these effects. Post-stimulus elaboration refers to the process of thinking about an event (after its offset) more frequently or more in-depth. We tested the hypothesis by presenting participants with 36 slides depicting events that varied in arousal (low and high) and valence (positive and negative). The opportunity for elaboration was manipulated by requiring participants, during the interslide interval, to complete addition problems, simply view the addition problems, or view a blank slide. Cued recall memory was tested for central and background details. Based on the post-stimulus elaboration hypothesis it was expected that the greatest memory decline would occur for the central details of negatively and positively arousing slides when participants were required to complete addition problems (i.e., a distractor task x arousal x detail interaction). Contrary to the hypothesis, we found that filling the inter-slide interval with a distractor task decreased memory for negative stimuli compared to positive stimuli. This effect was independent of arousal. We also found that arousal increased central detail memory for positive and negative stimuli and background detail memory for positive stimuli but not for negative stimuli. This interaction was explained on the basis of pre-attentive encoding and cue utilisation. It was concluded that in order to understand the complex relationship between emotion and memory, future studies should include, as a minimum, the variables of valence, arousal, and detail. 相似文献
917.
Social Support Mediates the Effects of Dual-Focus Mutual Aid Groups on Abstinence from Substance Use
Laudet AB Cleland CM Magura S Vogel HS Knight EL 《American journal of community psychology》2004,34(3-4):175-185
Background: Specialized 12-step based groups have emerged to address the needs of persons recovering from both substance abuse and psychiatric illness. Objective: This study investigates the role of social support in mediating the association between mutual aid participation and subsequent substance use for dually diagnosed persons. Method: A cohort of Double Trouble in Recovery (DTR) members in New York City were studied prospectively over a two-year period. Findings: Longer DTR participation during the first year of the study was associated with lower substance use in the second year; that effect was partially explained by the maintenance of high level of social support. Conclusion: These findings speak of the enduring influence of 12-step attendance on reducing substance use, and underline the importance of both 12-step attendance and supportive networks for dually diagnosed persons. 相似文献
918.
Abolishing the word-length effect 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Hulme C Suprenant AM Bireta TJ Stuart G Neath I 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2004,30(1):98-106
The authors report 2 experiments that compare the recall of long and short words in pure and mixed lists. In pure lists, long words were much more poorly remembered than short words. In mixed lists, this word-length effect was abolished and both the long and short words were recalled as well as short words in pure lists. These findings contradict current models that seek to explain the word-length effect in terms of item-based effects such as difficulty in assembling items, or in terms of list-based accounts of rehearsal speed. An alternative explanation, drawing on ideas of item complexity and item distinctiveness, is proposed. 相似文献
919.
Battle CL Shea MT Johnson DM Yen S Zlotnick C Zanarini MC Sanislow CA Skodol AE Gunderson JG Grilo CM McGlashan TH Morey LC 《Journal of personality disorders》2004,18(2):193-211
Adverse childhood experiences such as abuse and neglect are frequently implicated in the development of personality disorders (PDs); however, research on the childhood histories of most PD groups remains limited. In this multisite investigation, we assessed self-reported history of abuse and neglect experiences among 600 patients diagnosed with either a PD (borderline, schizotypal, avoidant, or obsessive-compulsive) or major depressive disorder without PD. Results indicate that rates of childhood maltreatment among individuals with PDs are generally high (73% reporting abuse; 82% reporting neglect). As expected, borderline PD was more consistently associated with childhood abuse and neglect than other PD diagnoses. However, even when controlling for the effect of borderline PD, other PD diagnoses were associated with specific types of maltreatment. 相似文献
920.
The military has a well-defined population with suicide prevention programs that have been recognized as possible models for civilian suicide prevention efforts. Monitoring prevention programs requires accurate reporting. In civilian settings, several studies have confirmed problems in the reporting and classification of suicides. This analysis evaluated whether suicides were underreported or misclassified under accident or undetermined manner of death in the military system. We reviewed all 1998 and 1999 military deaths using official death reports and compared these data with additional sources, most importantly the DoD Medical Mortality Registry. We assessed for evidence of expressed suicidal intent and past psychiatric history among deaths classified as undetermined and accidents due to gunshot, overdose, drowning, falls, or asphyxia. Using sources other than official records, we found 17% more suicides than were reported, and an additional 4% of deaths that were suspicious for suicide. This study suggests that reporting and classification errors may account for 21% additional suicides in the military. These findings are comparable to rates seen in civilian studies and add to the literature regarding the problems inherent in using administrative death classification data for medical surveillance purposes. 相似文献