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331.
Pei Wang Ya-Ping Yang Chen-Hao Tan Qin-Wei Chen Thomas Cantfort 《The Journal of general psychology》2017,144(4):283-308
It is an open question whether social stereotype activation can be distinguished from nonsocial semantic activation. To address this question, gender stereotype activation (GSA) and lexical semantic activation (LSA) were directly compared. EEGs were recorded in 20 participants as they identified the congruence between prime-target word pairs under four different conditions (stereotype congruent, stereotype incongruent, semantic congruent, and semantic incongruent). We found that congruent targets elicited faster and more accurate responses and reduced N400 amplitudes irrespective of priming category types. The N400 congruency effect (i.e., the difference between incongruity and congruity) started earlier and had greater amplitude for GSA than for LSA. Moreover, gender category priming induced a smaller N400 and a larger P600 than lexical category priming. These findings suggest that the brain is not only sensitive to both stereotype and semantic violation in the post-perceptual processing stage but can also differentiate these two information processes. Further, the findings suggest superior processing (i.e., faster and deeper processing) when the words are associated with social category and convey stereotype knowledge. 相似文献
332.
This study provides a better understanding of using visual arts in counselling adults with depressive disorders. Three in-depth case studies were conducted in the counselling unit of a mental health hospital in Malaysia. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were applied to explore three adult participants’ counselling experiences. They attended six individual counselling sessions, which included four art-making activities, and two after-session interviews, for approximately two months. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data. The findings showed that through the therapeutic use of visual arts, the participants were able to explore and express various emotions, face their problems, communicate better with themselves and the counsellor, achieve a deeper self-understanding, and make meaningful progress in counselling, even though some of them experienced a sense of uncertainty at the beginning of some art-making activities. 相似文献
333.
Eduardo A. Vasquez Nurcan Ensari William C. Pedersen Rae Yunzi Tan Norman Miller 《European journal of social psychology》2007,37(2):297-319
Two studies examined the reduction of triggered displaced aggression (TDA) via bottom‐up processing modes of de‐categorization. Participants were provoked by the experimenter and then interacted with an ostensible out‐group member who either did or did not provide a second (triggering) provocation. Study 1 compared TDA toward a triggering out‐group member who had previously been either differentiated from the out‐group, made the focus of self‐other comparison, or was in a no‐information control condition. As predicted, both differentiation and self‐other comparison reduced aggression relative to the control condition. Study 2 examined the effect of negative self‐disclosure from the out‐group target, and contrasted its effects with both self‐other comparison with a negative other, and a no‐information control condition. As predicted, triggered participants in the negative self‐disclosure condition aggressed less than those triggered in the negative self‐other comparison or no‐information control conditions. The liking induced by self‐disclosure mediated its aggression‐reducing effect. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
334.
To date, numerosity judgments have been studied only under conditions of unimodal stimulus presentation. It is therefore unclear whether the same limitations on correctly reporting the number of unimodal visual or tactile stimuli presented in a display might be expected under conditions in which participants have to count stimuli presented simultaneously in two or more different sensory modalities. In Experiment 1, we investigated numerosity judgments using both unimodal and bimodal displays consisting of one to six vibrotactile stimuli (presented over the body surface) and one to six visual stimuli (seen on the body via mirror reflection). Participants had to count the number of stimuli regardless of their modality of presentation. Bimodal numerosity judgments were significantly less accurate than predicted on the basis of an independent modality-specific resources account, thus showing that numerosity judgments might rely on a unitary amodal system instead. The results of a second experiment demonstrated that divided attention costs could not account for the poor performance in the bimodal conditions of Experiment 1. We discuss these results in relation to current theories of cross-modal integration and to the cognitive resources and/or common higher order spatial representations possibly accessed by both visual and tactile stimuli. 相似文献
335.
Deborah J. Jones Alecia A. Zalot Sarah E. Foster Emma Sterrett Charlene Chester 《Journal of child and family studies》2007,16(5):671-683
Clinical research on African American single mother families has focused largely on mother-child dyads, with relatively less
empirical attention to the roles of other adults or family members who often assist with childrearing. This narrow definition
of “family” fails to take into account the extended family networks which often provide support for African American single
mother families and the influence of these other adults on maternal parenting and youth adjustment. Our review integrates
the literature on the role of extended family members, highlights the strengths and limitations of this work, and proposes
the use of theory and methods from the coparenting literature to guide future study in this area. The relevance of the study
of coparenting for family-based intervention efforts targeting African American youth from single mother homes is addressed. 相似文献
336.
Cracchiolo JR Mori T Nazian SJ Tan J Potter H Arendash GW 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2007,88(3):277-294
Although social, physical, and cognitive activities have each been suggested to reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), epidemiologic studies cannot determine which activity or combination of activities is most important. To address this question, mutant APP transgenic AD mice were reared long-term in one of four housing conditions (impoverished, social, social+physical, or complete enrichment) from 1(1/2) through 9 months of age. Thus, a stepwise layering of social, physical, and enhanced cognitive activity was created. Behavioral evaluation in a full battery of sensorimotor, anxiety, and cognitive tasks was carried out during the final 5 weeks of housing. Only AD mice raised in complete enrichment (i.e., enhanced cognitive activity) showed: (1) protection against cognitive impairment, (2) decreased brain beta-amyloid deposition, and (3) increased hippocampal synaptic immunoreactivity. The protection provided by enhanced cognitive activity spanned multiple cognitive domains (working memory, reference learning, and recognition/identification). Cognitive and neurohistologic benefits of complete enrichment occurred without any changes in blood cytokine or corticosterone levels, suggesting that enrichment-dependent mechanisms do not involve changes in the inflammatory response or stress levels, respectively. These results indicate that the enhanced cognitive activity of complete enrichment is required for cognitive and neurologic benefit to AD mice-physical and/or social activity are insufficient. Thus, our data suggest that humans who emphasize a high lifelong level of cognitive activity (over and above social and physical activities) will attain the maximal environmental protection against AD. 相似文献
337.
We report normative data collected from Mainland Chinese speakers for 232 objects taken from Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980).
These data include adult ratings of concept familiarity, age of acquisition (AoA), printedword frequency, and word length
(in syllables), as well as measures of rated visual complexity, image agreement, and name agreement. We then examined timed
picture naming of these objects with native Chinese speakers in Beijing in two experiments using line drawings and colored
pictures. In both experiments, the variables name agreement, rated concept familiarity, and AoA made significant independent
contributions to naming latency in multiple regression analyses. We observed a correlation ofr=.85 between naming latency with line drawings and colored pictures and a reduced effect of image agreement on naming when
colored pictures were presented. We discuss the implications of our findings for the study of lexical processing in Chinese.
Normative data for 232 Chinese nouns may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive 相似文献
338.
Goh JO Chee MW Tan JC Venkatraman V Hebrank A Leshikar ED Jenkins L Sutton BP Gutchess AH Park DC 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2007,7(1):44-52
Behavioral differences in the visual processing of objects and backgrounds as a function of cultural group are well documented.
Recent neuroimaging evidence also points to cultural differences in neural activation patterns. Compared with East Asians,
Westerners’ visual processing is more object focused, and they activate neural structures that reflect this bias for objects.
In a recent adaptation study, East Asian older adults showed an absence of an object-processing area but normal adaptation
for background areas. In the present study, 75 young and old adults (half East Asian and half Western) were tested in an fMR-adaptation
study to examine differences in object and background processing as well as object—background binding. We found equivalent
background processing in the parahippocampal gyrus in all four groups, diminished binding processes in the hippocampus in
elderly East Asians and Westerners, and diminished object processing in elderly versus young adults in the lateral occipital
complex. Moreover, elderly East Asians showed significantly less adaptation response in the object areas than did elderly
Westerners. These findings demonstrate the malleability of perceptual processes as a result of differences in cohort-specific
experiences or in cultural exposure over time. 相似文献
339.
340.
Alberto Gallace Hong Z. Tan Charles Spence 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2007,69(4):477-486
The phenomenon of change blindness (the surprising inability of people to correctly perceive changes between consecutively presented displays), primarily reported in vision, has recently been shown to occur for positional changes presented in tactile displays as well. Here, we studied people’s ability to detect changes in the number of tactile stimuli in successively presented displays composed of one to three stimuli distributed over the body surface. In Experiment 1, a tactile mask consisting of the simultaneous activation of all seven possible tactile stimulators was sometimes presented between the two to-be-discriminated tactile displays. In Experiment 2, a “mudsplash” paradigm was used, with a brief irrelevant tactile distractor presented at the moment of change of the tactile display. Change blindness was demonstrated in both experiments, thus showing that the failure to detect tactile change is not necessarily related to (1) the physical disruption between consecutive events, (2) the effect of masking covering the location of the change, or (3) the erasure or resetting of the information contained within an internal representation of the tactile display. These results are interpreted in terms of a limitation in the number of spatial locations/events that can be consciously accessed at any one time. This limitation appears to constrain change-detection performance, no matter the sensory modality in which the stimuli are presented. 相似文献