Projective and inductive generation of abstract logics

An abstract logic A, C consists of a finitary algebraA and a closure systemC onA. C induces two other closure systems onA, C _P andC _I, by projective and inductive generation respectively. The various relations amongC, C _P andC _I are determined. The special case thatC is the standard equational closure system on monadic terms is studied in detail. The behavior of Boolean logics with respect to projective and inductive generation is determined.Allatum est die 17 Junii 1975     

Transference, taboo and truth

The author re-examines the development of the concept of transference in Freud's work. He gives special attention to Totem and Taboo published in 1912-13. He notes that Freud's totally unsupported hypotheses within this model become illuminating and intelligible if "totem" is translated as "psychoanalyst" and "taboo" as "transference (neurosis)".     

Object knowledge and the emergence of language

Infants' spontaneous play with objects was examined for evidence of developments in object knowledge in relation to the emergence of words and the single-word period in language development. Subjects were 7 girls and 7 boys, from different ethnic and economic backgrounds, who were studied longitudinally from 9 months to 26 months of age. Two types of displacements of objects in relation to one another were identified in the children's play: separations and constructions. The development of constructions was associated with the emergence of words, and constructions increased with age while separations decreased. The development of specific constructions, which account for knowledge of the particular properties of objects, was more strongly associated with a vocabulary spurt at the end of the single-word period than with chronological age. Despite the wide variation in the infants' ages when developments in language and play were reached, relations between achievements in the two domains were consistent among them, as confirmed with the Friedman test, p<.001. The results are discussed in terms of the cognitive developments required for play with objects and saying words.     

Social support: Its structure and impact on marital disruption

Availability of social support has been hypothesized to play a role in influencing adjustment to marital disruption either directly or by moderating the debilitating effects of stress. Yet previous research has not adequately conceptualized or measured the nature and availability of social support. In an effort to learn more about the structure and impact of social support as it relates to marital disruption, 50 newly separated men and women were interviewed at 2 months and again at 8 months after their separations. The structure of social support was found to include (a) several important sources of support, including family, friends, and the larger community; (b) an index of social activity; and (c) a sense of satisfaction with present marital status. Although the stress associated with separation was positively related to poorer adjustment, certain aspects of social support were found to moderate this relationship. This report is based, in part, on work supported by National Institute of Mental Health grant No. MH 26373 (Preventive Intervention for Newly Separated Persons), Bernard L. Bloom and William F. Hodges, co-principal investigators. We are pleased to acknowledge this support.     

THE FORMATION OF FRIENDSHIPS AMONG ZAMBIAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

Les recherches aux Etats-Unis ont fait apparaître une relation entre distance psychologique et distance physique. A L'Université de Zambie, en raison des particularités géographiques du campus et de la complexité sociale du corps étudiant, on peut pousser plus loin L'étude de la relation entre espace et liens sociaux. L'analyse des schémas d'amitié entre étudiants montre que les relations spatiales ont un certain rôle dans L'établissement des liens interpersonnels, mais que les facteurs sociaux et psychologiques sont plus déterminants. Il apparaît comme on pouvait s'y attendre, que dans la plupart des cas, L'amitié s'établit avec un partenaire de même sexe, de même âge et surtout de la même école d'origine. Les facteurs linguistiques ou tribaux sont sans importance: ils semblent dépassés par un sentiment grandissant d'appartenance à une élite. Les étudiants zambiens ont un comportement insulaire bien que non chauvin: ils ont peu d'amis parmi les étudiants qui viennent d'autres parties d'Afrique et aucun parmi les quelques étudiants blancs. La religion joue un grand rôle, ce qui n'a rien d'étonnant dans une société où L'influence des écoles et de la morale des missions n'a pas encore disparu. Les étudiants zambiens sont aussi individualistes dans le choix de leurs amis que les étudiants de n'importe quel autre pays. Ils semblent souvent plus solitaires et avoir plus grand besoin d'un confident que les étudiants anglais et suf-africains.