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71.
Mark D. Chapman 《Heythrop Journal》1998,39(4):379-393
Ever since the publication of MacIntyre's After Virtue , the 'Enlightenment Project', where morality was uprooted from its traditional context and where human reason reigned supreme, has been regarded as doomed to failure. This view has been shared by a large number of theologians, but it is based on a misrepresentation of the Enlightenment, one strand of which sought to set limits to human reason. In particular, Immanuel Kant, who is discussed in detail, believed in the principle of perpetual criticism, a method which refused to see human reason as supreme, but which also criticised all other systems of absolute authority. A trust in criticism was part and parcel of 'growing-up': the educational process was thus of crucial importance as children gradually learnt to think for themselves. For Kant, this method was rooted in a theological position, where transcendence or 'holiness' functioned as a constant reminder of human finitude, and served to prevent all forms of idolatry. The article concludes with an outline of a theology suitable for grown-ups, more aware of ideology and power than was Kant, where all truth is seen as relative to an absolute truth, but one which can never be known in full. Such a position, which is seen as profoundly Christological, encourages tolerance and openness, but makes a stand against those who claim a certainty or an authority they can never (logically) possess. The church is seen as that body which lives away from human certainties in a life of hope. 相似文献
72.
Frederick L. Newman Jere Chapman Elizabeth Deegan William Wescott 《American journal of community psychology》1979,7(5):543-562
The paper describes procedures for contrasting actions taken by crises intervention outreach workers and consumers with administrative policies. The data used to exemplify the procedures came from the outreach projects of six county MH/MR programs in Central Pennsylvania during the year following the flood caused by Hurricane Agnes, in 1972. The procedure identifies and counts the ways through which consumers entered the outreach process; the major outreach worker decision; and the immediate disposition of each consumer's case. The six county MH/MR program administrators were asked to consider program policies and show how they would ideally expect 1,000 hypothetical consumers to come into, to be processed through, and to be referred out of their respective outreach programs. Contrasts of the ideal and actual consumer data, along with consumer follow-up questionnaires, provided the basis for evaluating the six county MH/MR program outreach projects. These experiences provided the basis for a generalized model of evaluating crises intervention activities. 相似文献
73.
Despite increasing attention to the phenomenon of deliberate self-harm (DSH), the literature currently lacks a unifying, evidence-based, theoretical framework within which to understand the factors that control this behavior. The purpose of the present paper is to outline such a framework-the Experiential Avoidance Model (EAM) of DSH. The EAM poses that DSH is primarily maintained by negative reinforcement in the form of escape from, or avoidance of, unwanted emotional experiences. Literature on factors that may lead to experiential avoidance is reviewed, along with the mounting empirical evidence that DSH functions to help the individual escape from unwanted emotional experiences. The EAM integrates a variety of research on emotions, experiential avoidance, and DSH within a clinically useful framework that sparks novel research directions. 相似文献
74.
Emerging evidence suggests that a traumatic brain injury (TBI) in childhood may disrupt the ability to abstract the central meaning or gist-based memory from connected language (discourse). The current study adopts a novel approach to elucidate the role of immediate and working memory processes in producing a cohesive and coherent gist-based text in the form of a summary in children with mild and severe TBI as compared to typically developing children, ages 8-14 years at test. Both TBI groups showed decreased performance on a summary production task as well as retrieval of specific content from a long narrative. Working memory on n-back tasks was also impaired in children with severe TBI, whereas immediate memory performance for recall of a simple word list in both TBI groups was comparable to controls. Interestingly, working memory, but not simple immediate memory for a word list, was significantly correlated with summarization ability and ability to recall discourse content. 相似文献
75.
The short form of the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (SEI) was evaluated for gender bias. The authors replicated a study by L. Francis and D. James (1998) and administered the SEI to 361 middle and high school students (146 boys, 2l5 girls). They found that gender bias existed in 6 of the 25 items on the SEI, with 5 of those items favoring boys. Because recent literature indicates that male and female adolescents experience problems in different areas of their lives, the authors suggest that researchers consider such differences when selecting items for a standardized measure. 相似文献
76.
This is a commentary on essays in this journal issue by M. E. Strauss (2001) and R. A. Knight and S. M. Silverstein (2001) on research methodology for studying cognitive deficits. Concentrating mostly on Knight and Silverstein's article, the authors review the psychometric issues in the matched-task design, analyze Knight and Silverstein's "process-oriented" objections to that design, and scrutinize their methods for studying cognitive deficits, examining 2 of their empirical studies as examples of those methods. 相似文献
77.
Sixteen right-handed male adults performed a pointing task without vision. The participant's arm was moved passively to one of four targets which was subsequently pointed to following a delay of 1, 2, or 10 s. Our previous research on visual memory for target location showed a rapid decay which was comparable for both hands. The present study of memory for kinesthetic target location found decay for the left hand only. These findings suggest two memory stores for target location information, one visual which decays over time but is accessible to both hands and another based on kinesthetic information which is more stable and limb specific. 相似文献
78.
Chapman BP 《Journal of personality assessment》2007,88(2):220-234
Many users of the NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI; Costa & McCrae, 1992) are unaware that Saucier (1998) developed item cluster subcomponents for each broad domain of the instrument similar to the facets of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1992). In this study, I examined the following: the replicability of the subcomponents in young adult university and middle-aged community samples; whether item keying accounted for additional covariance among items; subcomponent correlations with a measure of socially desirable responding; subcomponent reliabilities; and subcomponent discriminant validity with respect to age-relevant criterion items expected to reflect varying associations with broad and narrow traits. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that all subcomponents were recoverable across samples and that the addition of method factors representing positive and negative item keying improved model fit. The subcomponents correlated no more with a measure of socially desirable responding than their parent domains and showed good average reliability. Correlations with criterion items suggested that subcomponents may prove useful in specifying which elements of NEO-FFI domains are more or less related to variables of interest. I discuss their use for enhancing the precision of findings obtained with NEO-FFI domain scores. 相似文献
79.
Chapman BP Duberstein PR Sörensen S Lyness JM 《Personality and individual differences》2007,43(6):1594-1603
In college and adult samples, women score higher then men on the Five Factor Model (FFM) personality traits of Neuroticism and Agreeableness. The present study assessed the extent to which these gender differences held in a sample of 486 older adults, ranging in age from 65-98 (M = 75, SD = 6.5), using the NEO-Five Factor Inventory. Mean and Covariance Structure models testing gender differences at the level of latent traits revealed higher levels of Neuroticism (d = .52) and Agreeableness (d = .35) in older women than older men. The consistency of these findings with prior work in younger samples attests to the stability of gender differentiation on Neuroticism and Agreeableness across the lifespan. Gender differences on these traits should be considered in personality research among older, as well as middle age and younger adults. 相似文献
80.
Emotional experiences immediately prior to (emotional antecedents) and following (emotional consequences) deliberate self-harm and suicide attempts in female inmates (N = 63) were examined. Anger was the antecedent emotion reported by the largest proportion of individuals who had engaged in deliberate self-harm (45.16%), suicide attempts (40.9%), and ambivalent suicide attempts (30%). Relief and other positive emotional shifts were more common in deliberate self-harm (41.94%) (involving no intent to die) than in suicide attempts or ambivalent suicide attempts, particularly for persons with borderline personality disorder. These findings underscore the utility of discriminating between deliberate self-harm and suicidal behavior and highlight the potential role of anger in triggering such behaviors. 相似文献