Four bootstrap confidence intervals for the binomial-error model

Confidence intervals for the mean function of the true proportion score ( _x ), where andx respectively denote the true proportion and observed test scores, can be approximated by the Efron, Bayesian, and parametric empirical Bayes (PEB) bootstrap procedures. The similarity of results yielded by all the bootstrap methods suggests the following: the unidentifiability problem of the prior distributiong() can be bypassed with respect to the construction of confidence intervals for the mean function, and a beta distribution forg() is a reasonable assumption for the test scores in compliance with a negative hypergeometric distribution. The PEB bootstrap, which reflects the construction of Morris intervals, is introduced for computing predictive confidence bands for x. It is noted that the effect of test reliability on the precision of interval estimates varies with the two types of confidence statements concerned.The Authors are indebted to the Editor and anonymous reviewers for constructive suggestions and comments. The authors wish to thank Min-Te Chao and Cheng-Der Fuh for some useful suggestions at earlier stages of writing this paper.     

The competence of criminal defendants: A theoretical reformulation

“Competence” of criminal defendants is best viewed not as an open-textured single construct but rather as two related but separable constructs-a foundational concept of competence to assist counsel, and a contextualized concept of decisional competence. This approach has several advantages. First, it provides a useful explanatory framework for the settled features of existing law. Second, it helps to clarify the issues in areas where the law is unsettled or controversial, such as the circumstances under which incompetence bars adjudication and the abilities required for decisional competence. Third, it exposes the similarities between competencies in criminal defense and competencies in other legal contexts, and thereby helps to link what have been discrete literatures in both law and behavioral science. Fourth, because this approach is derived from a theoretical analysis of the purposes of the pertinent legal rules, it provides a framework for defining the “psycho-legal abilities” that are encompassed by each of the two competence constructs. In this respect, a relatively simple reconceptualization has surprisingly concrete implications for designing a program of empirical research and, eventually, for improving the scientific basis of competence assessments in criminal cases.     

Phonemic confusability,precategorical acoustic storage,and the suffix effect

Ss attempted ordered recall of acoustically presented strings of seven consonant-vowel syllables. In a control condition, each string was followed by a tone in presentation, while in the experimental (suffix) conditions, a verbal syllable followed the last to-be-remembered item. The independent variable was the phonemic similarity between the verbal suffix and the memory stimuli Although the verbal syllables produced a large suffix effect as compared with the control condition, and although more errors were made overall when similarity was high, the degree to which the verbal suffix items reduced the recency advantage at the end of the series was independent of their phonemic similarity to the stimuli. This independence was taken as support for a distinction between acoustic and articulatory coding.     

Field dependence versus field independence of students with and without learning disabilities

The Group Embedded Figures Test of Oltman, Raskin, and Witkin was administered to 60 high school students (30 with learning disabilities and 30 without learning disabilities) to measure their cognitive styles of field dependence versus field independence. The analysis showed that the students with learning disabilities scored as more field dependent than those without learning disabilities.     

智慧的特质论与状态论：分歧、统整与新解

特质论与状态论之争是智慧研究领域新兴的热门话题。特质论认为智慧是稳定且不易干预的人格特质;状态论认为智慧是一种相对容易波动的心智状态,短期内可以改变且容易受外在情境的影响。基于人格心理学研究的“密度分布说”则为特质论与状态论之争提供了系统的整合模型。受此启发,本研究在以往理论的基础上提出“特质-状态正态分布假说”,旨在进一步补充完善“密度分布说”并为特质论与状态论研究提供新的理论视角。未来研究仍需结合多种智慧测量手段,加强纵向追踪研究,探索智慧本质观与密度分布说的关系,开展相应的跨文化研究。     

基于自我参照编码的复合反应范式：有效鉴别有罪者和无罪知情者

隐藏信息测试在司法实践中应用受限的主要原因是容易将知道犯罪相关信息的无罪知情者误判为有罪者, 因此, 需探索有效区分有罪者和无罪知情者、有罪者和无罪不知情者的测谎技术。复合反应范式(complex trial protocol, CTP)是一种能有效抵抗反测谎的隐藏信息测试, 但尚未成功用于鉴别有罪者和无罪知情者。本研究设计了可同时测量EPN和P300的基于自我参照编码的CTP, 每个试次的第一部分随机呈现探测刺激或无关刺激, 第二部分随机呈现目标刺激(自己姓名)或非目标刺激(他人姓名), 要求被试在两个部分看到刺激时均做“与我有关”和“与我无关”的反应。结果表明, 基于自我参照编码的CTP能有效区分有罪者和无罪知情者, EPN区分有罪者和无罪知情者的鉴别力优于P300, P300区分有罪者和无罪不知情者的鉴别力优于EPN。     

语素意识与听写的双向预测关系:来自追踪研究的证据

听写是个体书面语言发展的重要任务之一,语素意识作为阅读认知技能,与听写关系密切。为探究语素意识和听写的双向预测关系,对小学一、五年级共294名儿童的语素意识（同音语素意识、同形语素意识）和听写进行了为期一年的追踪研究。在控制了智力、年龄、语音意识和自回归效应后,结果发现：（1）一年级儿童的同音语素意识和同形语素意识对听写具有跨时间点的正向预测作用（解释率分别为7%、8%）,而五年级儿童的语素意识对听写的跨时间点预测作用不显著;（2）五年级儿童的听写对同音语素意识和同形语素意识具有跨时间点的正向预测作用（解释率分别为5%、6%）,而一年级儿童的听写对语素意识跨时间点的预测作用不显著。研究结果表明汉语儿童的语素意识和听写是单向的预测关系,二者关系随年级的变化而变化。     

Revisiting the role of probe distractors in negative priming: Location negative priming is observed when probe distractors are consistently absent

Negative priming (NP) refers to the delayed response to a probe target that was previously a prime distractor. One peculiar problem in NP literature is the observation that the manifestation of identity NP is contingent on the presence and type of probe distractors. When the probe distractors were completely removed, positive priming, rather than NP, was usually observed. This study investigated whether location NP was affected by the same manipulations. The proportion of ignored repetition trials, attended repetition trials, and control trials was manipulated across Experiments 1–3. These three experiments showed reliable location NP effect when the probe distractor was consistently absent. Experiment 4 showed that the presence of probe distractors did not increase the magnitude of the location NP effect. Experiment 5 showed that the location NP effect observed was not contingent on perceptual mismatching. These findings suggest that the presence of probe distractors is not a necessary component for the manifestation of location NP. Theoretical implications were discussed.     

代谢综合征的争议与共识

代谢综合征（metabolic syndrome,MS）的主要组分包括中心性肥胖、高血压、糖耐量异常、脂代谢紊乱,而胰岛素抵抗被认为是MS的病理生理学基础。目前,对MS的认识还存在诸多争议,主要包括MS的命名、病因机制和病理生理学基础、其各组分及其阈值的确定以及对心血管疾病的预测价值。尽管存在争议,MS概念的提出将有助于对高危人群的心脑血管疾病及糖尿病的防治。     

赖尔的行为主义心身关系论辩分析

现代哲学家赖尔把笛卡尔的学说称为"机器中的幽灵说",认为笛卡尔犯了范畴错误,并提出了自己所谓的心的理论。但是赖尔虽然正确指出了笛卡尔的错误,却仍然无法解决身心问题,其自身理论面临着困境。赖尔将心的本质理解为行为,然而哲学家对赖尔的批评表明对心的词汇的物理行为分析是不可能成功的。赖尔的困境是其哲学本体论的必然结果,在赖尔那里还是把世界描述为"心-物"的二元对立,而在二元论框架内是无法解决心身问题的。