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1.
Internal attribution for bad events, along with stable and global attributions, has been regarded as a component of pessimism, a precursor of negative work outcomes. Most evidence in support of this conceptualisation has come from research conducted in individualist cultures. We questioned if internal attribution has the same pessimistic implication in a collectivist culture. Findings from two studies conducted on Chinese employees supported our expectations that the stability and globality dimensions (but not the internality dimension) would predict disengagement responses (such as quitting and being neglectful at work) and lack of engagement responses (such as voicing suggestions and being loyal to the organisation). A reconceptualisation of pessimism in the workplace is therefore necessary. A dimensional, rather than a composite, scoring method is proposed for maintaining the predictive and construct validities of attributional style as an indicator of pessimism. 相似文献
2.
Yin Dake Yu Jiangping Jin Jiangping Shen Chao Zhang Li Li Xudong Zhang Keqin Wang Haitao 《Animal cognition》2023,26(4):1423-1430
Animal Cognition - Birds have the ability to assess the risk of predation in their environment and adjust their antipredation strategies based on this risk information. However, whether nest site... 相似文献
3.
Paul Wink Beryl Gao Stephanie Jones Frances Chao 《International journal of psychology》1997,32(3):169-179
This study compared social values and relationships with parents among American college women of Chinese and European descent. Chinese-American women scored higher on a measure of practicality and pragmatism (mastery), hierarchy, and traditionality. The Euro-American women showed a greater interest in voluntary prosocial behaviour and philanthropy. Both groups of women reported having a sense of self, autonomous of their parents. Within the Chinese-American group, ethnic identification and religion, but not generation, moderated scores on a measure of traditionality of outlook regarding issues of law and order and social equality. We discuss the implications of our findings for recent debates in cross-cultural psychology, including the growing challenge to the individualism-collectivism dimension. 相似文献
4.
In two experiments, we examined negative priming produced by distractors of low activation. A hybrid methodology was adopted to incorporate a study phase in which stimuli repetitively served as a target or a distractor, and a test phase in which the relationship in prime-probe couplets was manipulated. A critical manipulation was the presence or absence of novel stimuli in the test phase to alter the list context. The results showed that prime distractors of low activation produced negative priming when the test phase did not include novel items, which provided an optimal retrieval context. Prime distractors of high activation reliably led to negative priming when the list context contained novel items, but the effect varied when the list context did not include novel items. Theoretical implications are discussed. 相似文献
5.
Wentao Chao 《Journal of Family Therapy》2011,33(4):415-428
Although the systemic approach is considered to fit Chinese culture, the development of family therapy in Taiwan is recent, starting in 1969, and growing as a treatment modality in Taiwan for the past two decades. To examine this development, this article reviewed 127 locally published family therapy studies published during the years 1969–2009. Content analysis was used to examine these articles and the results clearly showed an increase in the amount of publications during this period. The focus of the studies also shifted from theoretical issues to practical concerns. An analysis of 15 of these articles, which were case reports, suggested a preference for local common practice, for example, a focus on therapist manoeuvres rather than the clients' perspectives, which might have hindered the development of successful practice. The availability of only certain forms of training might also have contributed to the clinical focus of family therapy in Taiwan. The article suggests that greater interest in the therapy process in future will enhance local practitioners' clinical efficacy. 相似文献
6.
Essentialist theories are the beliefs that there are immutable essences underlying observed differences between social groups (e.g. racial group, cultural group). This paper reviews the intergroup dynamics and intrapersonal processes associated with essentialism. It also explores the interplay between the two. By explicating the intricate relationship between these psychological processes, the current paper aims to advance our understanding of intergroup relations and identify their implications for the study of multiculturalism. We posit that although the commonly observed negative intergroup outcomes, such as prejudices and biases, can be the byproducts of basic cognitive processes associated with essentialist theories, the social power dynamics in a given society also play important roles in shaping the relationships between essentialism and intergroup outcomes. We then discuss the implications of this understanding to our increasingly multicultural world. 相似文献
7.
Inhibition of return (IOR) refers to the fact that it takes longer for people to attend to recently examined locations than to novel locations.
It has been argued that a single mechanism governs both IOR and negative priming (NP). If this is true, IOR and NP should
share similar characteristics. Since NP depends on the use of repeated stimuli, in this study the dependence of IOR on repeated
stimuli was explored. Experiments 1A—1D showed that, at longer cue-to-target-onset asynchrony (CTOA) intervals (613 and 906
msec), IOR could be observed only at repeatedly stimulated locations. However, IOR was observed when CTOA was short (253 msec)
regardless of stimulus repetition. Experiments 2 and 3 replicated Experiments 1A—1D with a within-subjects design. The important
role of memory representations in IOR is proposed. 相似文献
8.
混合模式调查收集数据的有效性需以模式间测量等同为前提.以往调查模式间的测量等同研究尚未考虑文化因素的影响.本研究通过两个自我创新能力评价量表,基于中美两国数据,运用多组确认性因子分析法考察了将由网络调查和纸笔调查构成的混合调查模式应用于自我能力和行为评估时的测量等同问题.结果在美国的样本中发现创新能力评价量表在两种调查模式下具有测量不变性,而在中国的样本中只发现强因子测量不变性,提示混合模式调查下测量不等同的出现是调查模式和文化因素共同导致的结果.我们认为,集体主义文化扩大与强化了纸笔调查和网络调查之间的匿名感知差异,进而受访者可能在网络调查中呈现出“满意决策”作答行为或在线下的调查中呈现出“社会称许性作答行为”,从而增加了出现测量不等同的可能性. 相似文献
9.
Hsin-Yi Chao John M. Kennedy Marta Wnuczko 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2013,75(6):1186-1192
Plans show shapes of objects from above, and represent both their left–right order and their order in the z-dimension (the distance of the objects). Elevations show only the vertical shapes of objects arranged from left to right. Plans, having more spatial information, may be more difficult for participants to construct. Results from a study with sighted, sighted-blindfolded, and early-blind participants on Piaget's perspective-taking three-mountain task support this hypothesis. The plan task was judged more difficult than the elevation task even when participants performed with the same level of accuracy on both tasks. In visual and tactile tasks, amount of spatial-order information may determine difficulty, rather than plan versus elevation per se. 相似文献
10.
En-Chieh Chao 《Zygon》2020,55(2):286-305
This article proposes a specific kind of ontological investigation in the field of science and religion. I argue that science and religion can create distinct practices that enact multiple realities, and thus they should be seen as more than different views of the same world. By analyzing the details of scientific experiments crucial for the invention of halal stunning, I demonstrate that religion and science are both permeable to the social, the biological, and to each other, and that seemingly incommensurable realities can co-occur in the body of an animal. Here, animals’ modes of existence are interdependent with the technologies being used, and with the web of interactions that they are drawn into. In the process of inventing halal stunning, it is not so much about the same animal body that is thought about differently as it is about animals spanning across multiple, physiological, realities as they are recruited into different webs of interactions to create a new slaughter method. 相似文献