Intersubjective model of value transmission: parents using perceived norms as reference when socializing children

What values do parents want to transmit to children? The intersubjective model of value transmission posits that parents want to transmit not only the values they personally endorse but also the values they perceive to be normatively important in the society. The present research shows support to this premise. Furthermore, Studies 1 and 2 revealed that the use of perceived norms is moderated by families' social contexts and parents' personality: It was particularly pronounced among parents who were immigrants, who had a stronger need for closure, and who were more conforming. In addition, Studies 3 and 4 demonstrated that parents' perceived norms can explain actual value transmission: Values parents perceived to be normatively important were to some extent internalized by children. The intersubjective model paves some new directions for value transmission research, contributes to the understanding of cultural transmission and cultural change, and extends the intersubjective approach to culture.     

不同注意条件下大数与小数的加工差异

考察在注意（注视点）与非注意（非注视点）条件下数字加工的距离效应和符号效应。采用小数（1－4）和大数（6－9）的中文与阿拉伯数字为材料,以判断数字是否大于5为任务。实验结果表明：⑴ 在注意条件下,大小数都出现了距离效应;而在非注意条件下,只有小数出现距离效应;⑵ 在注意条件下,大小数都没有出现符号效应;而在非注意条件下,只有小数出现符号效应,中文数字绩效显著好于阿拉伯数字。     

Ambiguity Intolerance and Support for Valuing-Diversity Interventions

This study examined the effect of ambiguity intolerance on attitudes toward corporate diversity programs. It was found that, holding constant demographic backgrounds of age, gender, work experience, managerial position, and majority-minority status, ambiguity intolerance was negatively related to support for diversity programs. The study also replicated previous findings that women and racial minority members support diversity programs more than do men and racial majority members. This study demonstrates the importance of including personality variables in diversity research.     

对低危前列腺癌治疗策略的再认识及思考

前列腺癌被认为是老年男性中最常见的恶性肿瘤.近年来,PSA筛查技术的广泛使用提高了前列腺癌的检出率.但许多低危的非致命性的前列腺癌患者却承受着过度治疗所带来的毒副反应风险.作者就当前用于减少低危前列腺癌过度治疗的新策略进行描述,如观察等待和主动监测策略,并指出癌症的过度治疗是很普遍的现象.未来需要发展更多的对恶性肿瘤进行最优治疗的策略.     

Prefrontal cortex regulates inhibition and excitation in distributed neural networks.

Prefrontal cortex provides both inhibitory and excitatory input to distributed neural circuits required to support performance in diverse tasks. Neurological patients with prefrontal damage are impaired in their ability to inhibit task-irrelevant information during behavioral tasks requiring performance over a delay. The observed enhancements of primary auditory and somatosensory cortical responses to task-irrelevant distractors suggest that prefrontal damage disrupts inhibitory modulation of inputs to primary sensory cortex, perhaps through abnormalities in a prefrontal-thalamic sensory gating system. Failure to suppress irrelevant sensory information results in increased neural noise, contributing to the deficits in decision making routinely observed in these patients. In addition to a critical role in inhibitory control of sensory flow to primary cortical regions, and tertiary prefrontal cortex also exerts excitatory input to activity in multiple sub-regions of secondary association cortex. Unilateral prefrontal damage results in multi-modal decreases in neural activity in posterior association cortex in the hemisphere ipsilateral to damage. This excitatory modulation is necessary to sustain neural activity during working memory. Thus, prefrontal cortex is able to sculpt behavior through parallel inhibitory and excitatory regulation of neural activity in distributed neural networks.     

HBV携带者心理健康状况研究现状

乙肝病毒感染在我国已超过了10%,达1.4亿人左右,面对如此庞大的感染人群,如何合理而适当地处理乙肝病毒携带病例已不仅仅是医学问题,而且是重要的社会问题.随着心理学的快速发展,乙肝病毒携带者的心理问题已经受到了人们的普遍重视.目前众多学者认为乙肝病毒携带者心理问题严重,以焦虑、抑郁、强迫等为主,但是相关的支持治疗明显不足,有待于深入研究.     

普通高中实施选修课的心理认可度及其影响因素——基于宁波市教师与学生群体的调查分析

以宁波市三种类型六所普通中学为样本,以学生群体和教师群体为对象,采用问卷评定法,以心理认可度为指标,探讨了普通中学师生对于实施选修课制度的主观评价及其相关因素.结果发现：整体而言,学生和任课教师对宁波市普通高中实施选修课的心理认可度较高;存在的主要问题,是学生对选修课学习效果的认可度较低,而教师对学校开展选修课的教学条件的认可度较低,且认为实施选修课制度的外部阻力较大;特色类和融通类学校落实选修课制度的观念性阻力较大;中老年教师对开设选修课的适应性较低.进一步完善选修课制度,需要从教师、学校和政府三个方面形成合力,共同推动旨在促进学生个性化发展的选修课制度的健康发展.     

Causal attribution for interfirm contract violation: a comparative study of Chinese and American commercial arbitrators

In this study, the authors examined differences between Chinese and American commercial arbitrators. They predicted and found that Chinese arbitrators make higher awards for interfirm contract violations than Americans. This difference is partially explained by differences in attributions. Prior theory suggests, and the authors found, that the Chinese tend to have more internal attributions for events when observing group actions. When evidence provided to arbitrators is mixed (evidence is provided for both internal and external attributions), Chinese-American differences in awards become even stronger.