Field dependence versus field independence of students with and without learning disabilities

The Group Embedded Figures Test of Oltman, Raskin, and Witkin was administered to 60 high school students (30 with learning disabilities and 30 without learning disabilities) to measure their cognitive styles of field dependence versus field independence. The analysis showed that the students with learning disabilities scored as more field dependent than those without learning disabilities.     

Influence of Age of Listener on Preadolescents’ Linguistic Behavior

Research indicates that young children and adults alter their linguistic behavior in response to the age of the person they are addressing. Yet to be established is how different-age individuals affect the linguistic behavior of preadolescents. The present study explored this question. While seated in a lounge-like setting, five 11-year-olds individually interacted with a young child (6-years), an age-peer, and a young adult (25-30 years). Analysis of the videotaped interactions focused on the preadolescents; measures were taken on the number, duration, and content of their initiated interactions. With young children, the subjects tended to initiate many brief interactions; with adults the initiations were fewer but longer in duration. They tended also to refer to themselves or their family and friends when addressing adults, but referred to the child or the child’s family and friends when speaking with children. Additional findings were (a) most interactions were narrative and initiated verbal-vocally; (b) time frames were seldom specified, except with the adult concerning the past and future; (c) feeling reactions were rarely expressed; and (d) secondary adjustments were infrequent, but when they did occur, most were with the child as part of cooperative game-playing. These findings are consistent with research on adults and children. Importantly, the present study demonstrates the applicability of a research method based on a natural science approach to language.

     

Phonemic confusability,precategorical acoustic storage,and the suffix effect

Ss attempted ordered recall of acoustically presented strings of seven consonant-vowel syllables. In a control condition, each string was followed by a tone in presentation, while in the experimental (suffix) conditions, a verbal syllable followed the last to-be-remembered item. The independent variable was the phonemic similarity between the verbal suffix and the memory stimuli Although the verbal syllables produced a large suffix effect as compared with the control condition, and although more errors were made overall when similarity was high, the degree to which the verbal suffix items reduced the recency advantage at the end of the series was independent of their phonemic similarity to the stimuli. This independence was taken as support for a distinction between acoustic and articulatory coding.     

Four bootstrap confidence intervals for the binomial-error model

Confidence intervals for the mean function of the true proportion score ( _x ), where andx respectively denote the true proportion and observed test scores, can be approximated by the Efron, Bayesian, and parametric empirical Bayes (PEB) bootstrap procedures. The similarity of results yielded by all the bootstrap methods suggests the following: the unidentifiability problem of the prior distributiong() can be bypassed with respect to the construction of confidence intervals for the mean function, and a beta distribution forg() is a reasonable assumption for the test scores in compliance with a negative hypergeometric distribution. The PEB bootstrap, which reflects the construction of Morris intervals, is introduced for computing predictive confidence bands for x. It is noted that the effect of test reliability on the precision of interval estimates varies with the two types of confidence statements concerned.The Authors are indebted to the Editor and anonymous reviewers for constructive suggestions and comments. The authors wish to thank Min-Te Chao and Cheng-Der Fuh for some useful suggestions at earlier stages of writing this paper.     

基于自我参照编码的复合反应范式：有效鉴别有罪者和无罪知情者

隐藏信息测试在司法实践中应用受限的主要原因是容易将知道犯罪相关信息的无罪知情者误判为有罪者, 因此, 需探索有效区分有罪者和无罪知情者、有罪者和无罪不知情者的测谎技术。复合反应范式(complex trial protocol, CTP)是一种能有效抵抗反测谎的隐藏信息测试, 但尚未成功用于鉴别有罪者和无罪知情者。本研究设计了可同时测量EPN和P300的基于自我参照编码的CTP, 每个试次的第一部分随机呈现探测刺激或无关刺激, 第二部分随机呈现目标刺激(自己姓名)或非目标刺激(他人姓名), 要求被试在两个部分看到刺激时均做“与我有关”和“与我无关”的反应。结果表明, 基于自我参照编码的CTP能有效区分有罪者和无罪知情者, EPN区分有罪者和无罪知情者的鉴别力优于P300, P300区分有罪者和无罪不知情者的鉴别力优于EPN。     

智慧的特质论与状态论：分歧、统整与新解

特质论与状态论之争是智慧研究领域新兴的热门话题。特质论认为智慧是稳定且不易干预的人格特质;状态论认为智慧是一种相对容易波动的心智状态,短期内可以改变且容易受外在情境的影响。基于人格心理学研究的“密度分布说”则为特质论与状态论之争提供了系统的整合模型。受此启发,本研究在以往理论的基础上提出“特质-状态正态分布假说”,旨在进一步补充完善“密度分布说”并为特质论与状态论研究提供新的理论视角。未来研究仍需结合多种智慧测量手段,加强纵向追踪研究,探索智慧本质观与密度分布说的关系,开展相应的跨文化研究。     

医学为什么会愈加凸现人文意义

从医学的特殊性所包含的丰富的人文价值。弘扬人文精神对医学科技正确发展的作用,论述了注重医学发展中凸现人文意义的原因。     

代谢综合征的争议与共识

代谢综合征（metabolic syndrome,MS）的主要组分包括中心性肥胖、高血压、糖耐量异常、脂代谢紊乱,而胰岛素抵抗被认为是MS的病理生理学基础。目前,对MS的认识还存在诸多争议,主要包括MS的命名、病因机制和病理生理学基础、其各组分及其阈值的确定以及对心血管疾病的预测价值。尽管存在争议,MS概念的提出将有助于对高危人群的心脑血管疾病及糖尿病的防治。     

Revisiting the role of probe distractors in negative priming: Location negative priming is observed when probe distractors are consistently absent

Negative priming (NP) refers to the delayed response to a probe target that was previously a prime distractor. One peculiar problem in NP literature is the observation that the manifestation of identity NP is contingent on the presence and type of probe distractors. When the probe distractors were completely removed, positive priming, rather than NP, was usually observed. This study investigated whether location NP was affected by the same manipulations. The proportion of ignored repetition trials, attended repetition trials, and control trials was manipulated across Experiments 1–3. These three experiments showed reliable location NP effect when the probe distractor was consistently absent. Experiment 4 showed that the presence of probe distractors did not increase the magnitude of the location NP effect. Experiment 5 showed that the location NP effect observed was not contingent on perceptual mismatching. These findings suggest that the presence of probe distractors is not a necessary component for the manifestation of location NP. Theoretical implications were discussed.     

动画教学代理对多媒体学习的影响:学习者经验与偏好的调节作用

以往研究发现,动画教学代理对多媒体学习效果的影响不一致,可能受到学习者特征和偏好的调节。本研究以“空调的组成部分及工作原理”为实验材料,采用两个实验控制教学代理有无、经验高低和代理偏好,探讨动画教学代理对多媒体学习的影响。实验1发现与无代理组相比,代理组对教学视频的注视点个数更多,平均眼跳潜伏期更短,学习兴趣也更高;低经验者在代理条件下的迁移成绩更好。实验2发现学习者在偏好代理和非偏好代理条件下的迁移成绩好于无代理组;偏好代理组感知到更低的认知负荷,对总体视频的注视点个数和注视频率更多,平均眼跳潜伏期更短,对学习内容的注视点个数更多。结论认为：在多媒体中加入教学代理不会减少学习者对学习内容的注意,能提高多媒体学习效果,支持社会代理理论假设;教学代理能提高低经验者的学习效果,但对高知识经验者无明显作用;加入学习者偏好的代理形象会促进学习,但加入学习者非偏好的代理形象并没有阻碍学习。