Which is the compromise option? Information format and task format as determinants

When consumers must make a decision but are uncertain of their preferences, they often select a compromise choice. Early studies emphasized the relational properties of choice alternatives and indicated that the middle option, whose attribute values fall between the values of other alternatives, is always the compromise option. More recent studies have suggested that when consumers rate two attributes with the same metrics, the attribute–balance choice whose two attributes have equal ratings, might represent the compromise choice. We propose that the different characteristics of the middle and attribute–balance options—which may be compatible with certain determinants such as information and task formats—might be more salient and affect the relative attractiveness of each option. The results of three experiments confirmed this prediction: the middle option was more attractive in list‐by‐attributes and rejecting conditions, whereas the attribute–balance option was more attractive in list‐by‐alternatives and choosing conditions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

论刘宗周晚年思想中的"独体"概念

刘宗周(1578～1645),原名宪章,字起东,号念台,明代浙江绍兴府山阴县人.因讲学于山阴县城北的蕺山,自称蕺山长,学者称蕺山先生.刘宗周是晚明著名的儒学大师,其学以"慎独'为宗.蕺山门人黄宗羲论其师之思想日:"先生宗旨为'慎独'.     

Examination stress and components of working memory

Previous research suggests that stress can influence a broad range of memory functions. In this study we investigated the effect of a naturalistic stressor, examination stress, on working memory in young adults. In order to accomplish this aim, participants were tested on psychological and hormonal measures of stress and on Digit Span, once during a low stress period and once during a high stress period. The high examination stress condition was associated with an increase in cortisol and subjective impressions of stress. Although Digits Forward performance did not vary with examination stress, Digits Backward performance improved. These findings suggest that mild increases in stress are associated with improvement in the manipulation component of working memory. However, no correlations were found between working memory and either cortisol or psychological stress. Thus the mechanism by which mild naturalistic stressors improve the manipulation component of working memory needs further investigation.     

小学教师集体效能及其对自我效能功能的调节

通过对28所小学1299名教师的问卷调查,作者主要探讨了教师集体效能在解释学校间教师心理特征各方面差异时的重要性,及其对自我效能预测功能的调节作用。多层分析结果表明,（1）教师自我效能对教师心理特征各方面的表现有显著的预测作用,这一预测作用存在学校间的差异;（2）教师集体效能高的学校,教师的工作满意度、内在动机、工作投入、同事关系满意度平均较高,离职倾向较低;（3）教师集体效能对自我效能与工作满意度等心理特征各方面的关系有显著调节作用,集体效能高的学校,自我效能对教师心理特征诸方面表现的预测力较强     

Is personal growth initiative associated with later life satisfaction in Chinese college students? A 15‐week prospective analysis

Personal growth initiative (PGI) is presumed to foster positive change leading to positive psychological adjustment. Accordingly, in this study we examined PGI as a predictor of life satisfaction 15 weeks later in a sample of 152 Chinese college students. Time 1 PGI was found to explain a significant amount of unique variance in Time 2 life satisfaction, even after controlling for Time 1 life satisfaction and Time 2 PGI. Specifically, (lower) intentional behavior and planfulness at baseline emerged as significant predictors of later life satisfaction. No evidence was found indicating that life satisfaction at Time 1 accounted for any significant amount of unique variance in PGI processes at Time 2, after controlling for baseline PGI processes and concurrent life satisfaction. Overall, the present findings are the first to demonstrate the importance of PGI as a prospective predictor of positive psychological adjustment in adults.     

Leisure Satisfaction Mediates the Relationships between Leisure Settings,Subjective Well-Being,and Depression among Middle-Aged Adults in Urban China

This study examined the role played by leisure satisfaction in the relationship between leisure settings (built and natural), subjective well-being, and depression among midlife residents of urban China. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze this conceptual model, exploring data taken from a representative sample of 663 Chinese urban middle-aged citizens included in the 2014 Chinese Leisure Study. Additionally, leisure satisfaction was tested as a mediator between leisure in nature and subjective well-being. The results indicate that leisure satisfaction mediates the relationship between specific leisure settings (i.e., leisure in nature and outdoor recreation), subjective well-being, and depression. The results therefore contribute to the literature by providing evidence of the relationship between leisure settings, subjective well-being, and depression through identification of the positive effects of leisure on nature. Future health interventions should therefore highlight the advantages of urban green spaces.

     

母亲守门行为与母亲教养投入、母子依恋的关系及发展性差异

基于家庭系统理论与依恋理论提出了一个母亲守门行为通过母亲教养投入预测母子依恋的间接效应模型, 同时考察了这一模型在青少年发展阶段上的差异。采用问卷法对597个核心家庭的母亲和青少年进行调查, 结果发现：(1)总体上, 母亲开门行为对母亲教养投入和母子依恋均具有正向预测作用, 母亲教养投入对母子依恋具有正向预测作用, 间接效应模型成立; 母亲关门行为对母亲教养投入的预测作用不显著, 对母子依恋具有负向预测作用, 间接效应模型不成立; (2)从发展阶段来看, 母亲开门行为的间接效应模型在三个发展阶段均成立, 且间接效应大小无差异; 母亲关门行为的间接效应模型只在早期和后期成立, 且两发展阶段的作用性质相反, 早期为正向预测作用, 后期为负向预测作用。结果补充和扩展了母亲守门行为的作用效果研究, 并且强调了青少年发展阶段在其中的作用, 对家庭教育实践具有一定的指导意义。     

Multiracial Identity,Color‐Blind Racial Ideology,and Discrimination: Professional Counseling Implications

Because of the expansive multiracial population growth in the United States, the authors explored multiracial identity integration (MII), color‐blind racial ideology (CBRI), and discrimination using regression analyses with 288 individuals. CBRI and discrimination significantly correlated and predicted MII, with 15.3% of the variance explained by discrimination and CBRI. Moderation analysis revealed that CBRI did not moderate the relationship between discrimination and MII. Continued research among multiracial individuals is recommended to better understand the CBRI and racial identity link.     

What you are confident of determines your choices in context: Confidence in yourself versus in your ability

The notion that consumers' preference is constructed by decision context is well established. Two of such salient manifestations are compromise effect and attraction effect. Although literature has explored the moderators of these effects from the perspective of a decision maker, little is known about whether a significant difference exists between the effects of individual differences as a situational state and as a stable personality. This article approaches this question by examining how specific self‐confidence and general self‐confidence shape consumer's preference for context options. Four studies find that compromise effect is greater for consumer with high specific self‐confidence, whereas attraction effect is greater for consumer with low specific self‐confidence. The two context effects are greater for consumers with low general self‐confidence only in the presence of social influence. In addition, low (vs. high) general self‐confidence strengthens (vs. weakens) the impact of specific self‐confidence on context effects under this condition. This article concludes by discussing the theoretical and practical implications of the findings.     

耻感作为一种心理现象

本文的主旨在于提倡"身体文明",不是每人每事都能身体文明,但可以是每人在多数情况下和多数人在多数情况下去身体力行,"修己以敬".从现象分析的角度看,西方现象学的身体论和中国善学的身体论既有共同的理解和对话平台,又有不同之处,都有助于我们今天对"耻感"现象的认知;并希冀社会生活中愈益增多的人们踏上人际交往的"善端",发出善意,以善相待,相互发出"身体文明"信号.这样,就在实际上推进了多数人文明、减少了可耻现象,这是每个人都容易做到的.