Optimism, Pessimism, and Motivation: Relations to Adjustment

The present work reviews the literature examining connections involving the key constructs of optimism and pessimism with motivation and adjustment. We review historical and conceptual models of optimism and pessimism. We then examine how these central constructs have been linked to both adaptive and maladaptive motivational processes and outcomes in the empirical literature. How cultural factors may impact the function of optimism and pessimism is also discussed. We end with a brief discussion of emerging issues that would be useful to examine in future research on optimism and pessimism.     

浙东沿海岛屿民间宫庙信仰活动现状的调查报告

浙东沿海岛屿民间宫庙信仰活动有其较独特的历史文化背景。本文通过对其中部分岛屿民间宫庙信仰活动发展及管理现状的调研。揭示浙东沿海岛屿民间宫庙及信仰活动的发展现状、社会历史原因,以及面对民间宫庙信仰活动迅猛发展的状况下．政府在管理上所出现的新问题。提出新时期做好对乡村民间宫庙信仰活动的管理．引导民间信仰活动与社会主义相和谐的思考。     

工作记忆和一般智力关系的研究现状与前瞻

工作记忆和它的两个子系统——短时记忆和中央执行系统分别与一般智力的关系,在现有研究中争议之处主要表现在前三者与一般智力联系密切还是相关较低。工作记忆和一般智力是两个独立的结构,但二者联系密切,前者能有效预测后者。工作记忆和一般智力联系密切的原因主要在于：前额叶皮层是二者共有的生理机制,控制性注意和复杂策略的运用是二者共有的心理机制,而测试材料内容上的重叠和对潜变量的复合预测又可能夸大这种关系。     

语音意识的不同成分在汉语儿童英语阅读学习中的作用

研究一测查了74名小学三、五年级儿童辨别、删除汉语和英语音节、首音-韵脚、音位等不同语音成分的能力以及英语单词阅读,考察语音意识不同成分与英语阅读学习的关系及母语语音意识的作用途径.研究二测查了83名英语阅读较差和73名英语阅读一般及以上儿童的英语语音删除和单词认读能力,考察阅读水平对于语音意识作用的调节效应.结果表明:(1)英语首音-韵脚意识对英语阅读具有显著的独立贡献;(2)汉语首音-韵脚意识和声调意识分别对英语单词认读和假词拼读具有显著的独立贡献,二者通过英语首音-韵脚意识的中介发挥作用;(3)阅读水平具有显著的调节作用.首音-韵脚意识是正常儿童阅读的有效预测变量,而音节意识是低水平儿童阅读的有效预测变量.上述结果与有关语音意识各成分在英语为母语儿童阅读学习中作用的研究结果不同,提示第二语言的学习具有特殊性,母语经验影响着个体第二语言学习的过程.     

经济增长、分配不平等与政治稳定的结构关系及其政策启示

经济增长与分配的不平等之间并不具有直接的互动关系,二者的关系不仅取决于特定的经济、政治和社会结构,而且取决于政府特定的公共政策。导致政府调整经济增长与收入分配关系政策的关键因素之一,是这二者关系对政治稳定的影响和威胁。因此,政策制定者应当将政治不稳定因素的聚集作为调整经济增长与收入分配关系的关键性信号。     

山东半岛全真七子碑刻、摩崖石刻寻真

全真道的发源地在陕西,但她的兴盛和发展却是在山东。王重阳悟道后,从陕西刘蒋村来到山东半岛,收马丹阳、谭长真、刘长生、丘长春、王玉阳、郝大通、孙不二为徒。王重阳带全真七子在山东半岛传道、修炼,先后建立三教七宝会、三教金莲会、三教三光会、三教玉华会、三教平等会等群众性修炼团体,这在道教内丹修炼史上是一次创举,产生了巨大的影响。他们的足迹遍     

The effect of physical attractiveness of models on advertising effectiveness for male and female adolescents

This study investigates the effect of advertising with physically attractive models on male and female adolescents. The findings suggest that highly attractive models are less effective than those who are normally attractive. Implications of social comparison are discussed.     

Relation of birth weight, maternal intelligence and mother–child interactions to cognitive and play competence of Jamaican two-year old children

The present study assessed whether birth weight, maternal child rearing behaviors, and maternal intelligence combine in an additive or in a non-linear interactive fashion to influence cognitive performance in a sample of 24-month old full-term appropriate and low birth weight Jamaican children. Child cognitive performance was measured using the Griffiths Scale and a laboratory based assessment of the amount of time the child utilized different levels of play behavior. Mothers were videotaped while playing with their children under different instructional conditions and videotapes were coded for 8 maternal interaction patterns. Maternal verbal intelligence was assessed using the PPVT. Results supported the operation of both additive co-action as well as non-linear interactive processes. Birth weight, maternal behaviors toward her child and maternal intelligence predicted child cognitive performance. In addition, low birth weight infants were either less sensitive to facilitative aspects of maternal behaviors and/or more sensitive to maternal inhibitory behaviors than were appropriate birth weight infants. Further, child rearing behaviors of more intelligent mothers were a stronger influence on their child's cognitive performance than those of less intelligent mothers, even when there were no differences in the level of behaviors of more or less intelligent mothers.     

Depressive symptom manifestation and help‐seeking among Chinese college students in Taiwan

One longstanding hypothesis in the research of depression among Chinese populations is that they tend to express depressive symptoms in somatic terms, which, in turn, prevent them from seeking assistance from mental health services. This study aimed to examine the manifestation of depressive symptoms and its relationship to help‐seeking attitudes among Chinese college students. The Chinese Beck Depression Inventory‐II (BDI‐II; Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996 ) and the Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help: Shortened Form (ATSPPH‐SF; Fischer & Farina, 1995 ) were administered to 1039 Chinese college students in a private university in Taiwan. Factor ratio scores analyses revealed that Chinese college students generally emphasized somatic complaints compared to cognitive‐affective complaints in expressing depressive symptoms. Probably‐depressed Chinese students (BDI‐II scores?16), however, placed significantly less emphasis on somatic symptoms than did nondepressed students. Additionally, multiple regression analyses showed that while Chinese students with elevated BDI‐II scores were less likely to seek professional psychological help, neither somatic nor cognitive‐affective symptoms were correlated with their attitudes toward seeking and avoiding professional psychological help. These findings seem to run counter to the common assumption that Chinese people tend to express depression in somatic terms and that somatic complaints help to explain their reluctance to seek professional psychological assistance. The current results suggest that Chinese students with elevated depressive symptoms readily acknowledged and expressed cognitive‐affective symptoms of depression and they were likely to distance themselves from professional psychological help. However, somatic symptoms did not explain their reluctance to utilize mental health services.