工作记忆和一般智力关系的研究现状与前瞻

工作记忆和它的两个子系统——短时记忆和中央执行系统分别与一般智力的关系,在现有研究中争议之处主要表现在前三者与一般智力联系密切还是相关较低。工作记忆和一般智力是两个独立的结构,但二者联系密切,前者能有效预测后者。工作记忆和一般智力联系密切的原因主要在于：前额叶皮层是二者共有的生理机制,控制性注意和复杂策略的运用是二者共有的心理机制,而测试材料内容上的重叠和对潜变量的复合预测又可能夸大这种关系。     

情感与人生:伦理学视野的审视

人是情感的动物.人的情感是以本能和欲望为基础,受理智影响和控制的心理感受.人的情感是一个多彩的、复杂的天空,存在着性质、广度、深度和强度的区别.从伦理学的角度看,可以根据是否有利于人的生存,从是否健康、是否丰富、是否持久、是否高尚、是否美好五个维度对人的情感进行价值审视.这五个维度也是情感是否有利于人的生存的五条标准,其中是否健康是底线标准,规定着情感的好坏善恶性质.情感对人生有全面、深刻而直接的影响,可以成为人生幸福的源泉,也可以成为人生痛苦的渊薮.情感需要理智的合理导向和控制,理智与情感以更好生存为取向实现和谐,才会有完整意义上的真正人生,才有人生的幸福.     

Masculinity and Cognitive Age Perception: An Examination of their Relationship and Implications for Advertising Persuasion

This paper explores whether gender and sex role orientation, in terms of masculinity and femininity, may be associated with older cognitive age among young people. It predicts that masculinity should be associated with an older cognitive age. Two surveys (N?=?254 respondents aged 18–22 years and N?=?327 respondents aged 18–55 years), conducted in Taiwan, generally support this prediction. Moreover, this study predicts that masculinity influences people’s responses to media information that contains age cues, such as ads featuring models of various ages. The findings of another experiment (N?=?141 respondents) in Taiwan show that young participants who are more masculine like relatively older models to a greater degree, and the degree to which they like the model influences their attitudes toward the advertised brand.     

母亲社会情绪行为的相关因素研究

本研究考察了婴儿情绪特征、母亲受教育程度和母亲社会情绪行为的关系。结果表明：（1）情绪特征不同婴儿的在积极社会情绪行为上无显著差异,而在消极情绪行为上,负性情绪组婴儿的显著地少于负性情绪组婴儿的母亲;（2）受教育程度不同的在积极情绪行为上无显著差异,而在消极情绪行为上,受教育程度高的母亲显著地少于受教育程度低的母亲;（3）综合考察婴儿情绪特征和母亲受教育程度两方面因素,受教育程度在大专以下、负性情绪较多婴儿的母亲在积极情绪行为上与其他组的母亲无任何差异,而其消极情绪行为显著地多于其他组的母亲。     

类别特征的相似性与竞争性对归类的影响

探讨新项目特征的性质对归类的影响。共包括两个实验,被试是华南师范大学180名二年级本科生。研究材料分两部分,学习材料是两类昆虫的若干类别成员,每类昆虫有6种特征;测试材料则是与学习材料的类别成员有不同相似性或竞争性的新项目,要求被试经过学习之后对新项目进行归类,然后对被试归类的一致性或确信度进行分析。实验1主要探讨新项目与类别成员相似性对归类的影响;实验2主要探讨新项目特征的竞争性对归类的影响。结果表明,匹配特征数量及其概率是相似性的两个构成因素,它们与新项目的归类概率成正比,而对立特征数量及其概率则是竞争性的两个构成因素,它们均与新项目的归类概率成反比。     

初中生受欺负状况的某些预测变量

通过问卷法和同伴提名法考察了3061名初中生在校受同伴欺负状况的特点,结果发现初中男生受欺负状况比初中女生严重,并且整个初中初中阶段男生的状况没有减缓的趋势,初中女生的受欺负状况随年级增长明显减少。同时,通过逐步回归分析发现,羞层、坏学生、老师不喜欢、同伴关系不良、欺负人等变量对初中生的受欺负状况有明显的预测作用。     

优雅生存与人类幸福

人类要获得幸福必须改变现行的自由生存方式,选择全新的优雅生存方式。幸福是人类追求的终级目标,智慧是实现幸福的最佳途径,而优雅生存是当代人类智慧的应有选择。     

Combining computer adaptive testing technology with cognitively diagnostic assessment

A major advantage of computerized adaptive testing (CAT) is that it allows the test to home in on an examinee's ability level in an interactive manner. The aim of the new area of cognitive diagnosis is to provide information about specific content areas in which an examinee needs help. The goal of this study was to combine the benefit of specific feedback from cognitively diagnostic assessment with the advantages of CAT. In this study, three approaches to combining these were investigated: (1) item selection based on the traditional ability level estimate (theta), (2) item selection based on the attribute mastery feedback provided by cognitively diagnostic assessment (alpha), and (3) item selection based on both the traditional ability level estimate (theta) and the attribute mastery feedback provided by cognitively diagnostic assessment (alpha). The results from these three approaches were compared for theta estimation accuracy, attribute mastery estimation accuracy, and item exposure control. The theta- and alpha-based condition outperformed the alpha-based condition regarding theta estimation, attribute mastery pattern estimation, and item exposure control. Both the theta-based condition and the theta- and alpha-based condition performed similarly with regard to theta estimation, attribute mastery estimation, and item exposure control, but the theta- and alpha-based condition has an additional advantage in that it uses the shadow test method, which allows the administrator to incorporate additional constraints in the item selection process, such as content balancing, item type constraints, and so forth, and also to select items on the basis of both the current theta and alpha estimates, which can be built on top of existing 3PL testing programs.     

语言与音乐活动的脑机制研究述评

语言和音乐是否具有相同加工机制的争论持续了很长时间。对失语症和失乐症的研究进行了简要回顾,并结合ERP和功能神经影像对语言和音乐的对比加工及同步加工分别进行研究,发现两者很大程度上存在加工机制的重合,即具有共同的神经加工源。对音乐加工的多个领域进行研究有助于语言加工研究的进展,两者的结合有着更深远的应用前景     

Competitive versus cooperative attitudes in crossed categorization effects: testing the category dominance and equivalence models

Participants' (N = 256) competitive or cooperative attitudes toward national groups were activated by their reading 1 of 2 selected newspaper articles. Participants then judged the competence and attractiveness of a stranger who was categorized, separately for race and nationality, as belonging to an out-group or in-group. As predicted, the activated competitive attitude produced responses prescribed by the model of category dominance by nationality. In the condition of cooperative attitudes, however, competence responses were consistent with the model of equivalence (i.e., no effect of category) and attraction responses were consistent with the model of category dominance by race. The authors discuss reasons for the discrepant models in the condition of cooperative attitudes and the implications of these findings.