《神仙传》中天人感应故事的原型研究

本文通过对《神仙传》中彭祖、沈羲、李少君等几则天人感应故事及其特征的分析,提出天人感应包括天人同构与彼此感应两方面。天人感应并非葛洪首创,《神仙传》中天人感应的思想渊源可以沿《列仙传》追溯至董仲舒的宗天神学。进一步的研究告诉我们,董仲舒思想是对春秋思想中天人感应思想的发挥,而处于巫史传统中的春秋思想又是神话-仪式思维的直接结果。结合西方神话-原型批评理论,笔者认为天人同构及其感应关系源自巫史传统,它是世界各民族的原始先民所共同具有的一种神话-仪式思维。作为原型思维,天人感应在历代文学文本中以不同面貌呈现,它是这些互文文本中的可交际单位,在不同历史语境中不断地被置换、变形和重新书写。     

当代新兴人类增强技术的“激进主义”与“保守主义”:理论主张及论争启示

以物理增强、认知增强、道德增强、情感增强为主的当代新兴人类增强技术(H ET)对人的深度“干预”使“人”陷入“深度技术化”状态从而引发了激烈论争,形成了“激进主义”与“保守主义”两大对立阵营。双方论争焦点主要集中在:关于什么是“人”的形而上学问题;认知进化与退化、道德工具化与趋同化、情感真实性与同质化等人的社会属性问题;自主性与自主权、公平与公正、健康与安全等增强技术使用问题。双方论争角度呈现出多样性特征,且各自在自身的理论框架下具有一定程度的合理性。论争双方的对立,有的是利益分歧,有的是价值或文化冲突,达成共识的可能性较低,理想的状态应该是两者之间如何取得均衡,保持“必要的张力”,共同推动新兴人类增强技术的健康良性发展。     

Dispositional Mindfulness,Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and Academic Burnout in Chinese Adolescents Following a Tornado: The Role of Mediation through Regulatory Emotional Self-Efficacy

Limited research has been conducted on dispositional mindfulness, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and academic burnout in Chinese adolescents following a tornado. The present study investigated the ways in which dispositional mindfulness is related to PTSD symptoms and academic burnout in Chinese adolescents following a tornado by considering the role of regulatory emotional self-efficacy. A total of 431 Chinese adolescents (mean age: 14.75 years) who had experienced a severe tornado 9 months prior to this study were recruited for this study. The results indicated that our model fit the data well [χ²/df = 2.774, CFI = 0.952, TLI = 0.934, RMSEA (90% CI) = 0.064 (0.051–0.077)], and revealed that regulatory emotional self-efficacy partially mediates the relationships between dispositional mindfulness and PTSD symptoms and academic burnout, respectively. The clinical implications and limitations of our research, and recommendations for future research, are discussed in this paper.     

Around the world,adolescence is a time of heightened sensation seeking and immature self‐regulation

The dual systems model of adolescent risk‐taking portrays the period as one characterized by a combination of heightened sensation seeking and still‐maturing self‐regulation, but most tests of this model have been conducted in the United States or Western Europe. In the present study, these propositions are tested in an international sample of more than 5000 individuals between ages 10 and 30 years from 11 countries in Africa, Asia, Europe and the Americas, using a multi‐method test battery that includes both self‐report and performance‐based measures of both constructs. Consistent with the dual systems model, sensation seeking increased between preadolescence and late adolescence, peaked at age 19, and declined thereafter, whereas self‐regulation increased steadily from preadolescence into young adulthood, reaching a plateau between ages 23 and 26. Although there were some variations in the magnitude of the observed age trends, the developmental patterns were largely similar across countries.     

Auditory‐motor adaptation is reduced in adults who stutter but not in children who stutter

Previous studies have shown that adults who stutter produce smaller corrective motor responses to compensate for unexpected auditory perturbations in comparison to adults who do not stutter, suggesting that stuttering may be associated with deficits in integration of auditory feedback for online speech monitoring. In this study, we examined whether stuttering is also associated with deficiencies in integrating and using discrepancies between expected and received auditory feedback to adaptively update motor programs for accurate speech production. Using a sensorimotor adaptation paradigm, we measured adaptive speech responses to auditory formant frequency perturbations in adults and children who stutter and their matched nonstuttering controls. We found that the magnitude of the speech adaptive response for children who stutter did not differ from that of fluent children. However, the adaptation magnitude of adults who stutter in response to auditory perturbation was significantly smaller than the adaptation magnitude of adults who do not stutter. Together these results indicate that stuttering is associated with deficits in integrating discrepancies between predicted and received auditory feedback to calibrate the speech production system in adults but not children. This auditory‐motor integration deficit thus appears to be a compensatory effect that develops over years of stuttering.     

Type D personality,but not Type A behavior pattern,is associated with coronary plaque vulnerability

Personality traits are associated with major adverse coronary events (MACE) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the link between personality traits and intravascular morphology in CAD patients is poorly understood. This study investigated the relationship between personality traits, specifically Type A behavior pattern and Type D personality, and plaque vulnerability. After adjustment for demographic and clinical factors, multivariable regression analysis showed no association between Type A and optical coherence tomography indices. However, Type D personality was independently associated with lipid plaque, thin cap fibroatheroma (TCFA), and fibrous cap thickness. More specifically, negative affectivity of Type D was related to lipid plaque, TCFA and fibrous cap thickness, and social inhibition was associated with plaque rupture. Our results show that Type D personality was associated with plaque vulnerability, independent of clinical factors. Measurement of negative affectivity and social inhibition will increase our understanding of the progressive phase of the plaque vulnerability, which can contribute to the early identification of high risk patients and reduce the incidence of MACE.     

Systems Factorial Technology provides new insights on the other-race effect

The other-race effect refers to the difficulty of discriminating between faces from ethnic and racial groups other than one’s own. This effect may be caused by a slow, feature-by-feature, analytic process, whereas the discrimination of own-race faces occurs faster and more holistically. However, this distinction has received inconsistent support. To provide a critical test, we employed Systems Factorial Technology (Townsend & Nozawa in Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 39, 321–359, 1995), which is a powerful tool for analyzing the organization of mental networks underlying perceptual processes. We compared Taiwanese participants’ face discriminations of both own-race (Taiwanese woman) and other-race (Caucasian woman) faces according to the faces’ nose-to-mouth separation and eye-to-eye separation. We found evidence for weak holistic processing (parallel processing) coupled with the strong analytic property of a self-terminating stopping rule for own-race faces, in contrast to strong analytic processing (serial self-terminating processing) for other-race faces, supporting the holistic/analytic hypothesis.     

Attentional bias of students toward negative feedback in bad outcome situations: the mechanism of self-defense

The main goals of the present study were to investigate the effects of outcome valence on attentional bias toward feedback and examine the internal mechanism of self-defense. We systematically manipulated the outcome valence by providing a bogus score in a rational thinking task and recorded the time positive feedback and negative feedback was viewed in experiment 1. We added the intervention of self-affirmation to examine the self-defense mechanism in experiment 2. The results suggest that (1) in good outcome situations, the participants viewed negative feedback longer than positive feedback. There was a tendency to slightly reduce the attention given to negative feedback in bad outcome situations. (2) Self-affirming participants in bad outcome situations increased their viewing time of negative feedback, which supported the activation of defensiveness.     

音乐对希望感的影响

过去的研究发现,在经历挫折后,相比于不听音乐,听积极音乐能提升人们的希望感。然而,研究者并不清楚积极音乐和消极音乐在提升希望感上是否存在差异,也不清楚这种差异是否由于两种音乐在诱发的积极情绪或消极情绪的差异造成的。文章通过三个实验来考察这些问题。实验一发现,在无挫折的情况下,积极音乐相比消极音乐诱发了更强的希望感。实验二发现,这种效应同样存在于人们回忆挫折之后,并且是积极情绪在其中起中介作用。实验三则通过设置控制组进一步发现,这种效应是由积极音乐对希望感的提升作用和消极音乐对希望感的降低作用共同引起的。文末讨论了该发现的意义。