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61.
Ask and you might receive: The actor–partner interdependence model approach to estimating cultural and gender variations in social support 下载免费PDF全文
Biru Zhou Dara Heather Alessia Di Cesare Andrew G. Ryder 《European journal of social psychology》2017,47(4):412-428
As an essential part of close relationships, social support is a dynamic interactive process. This paper aims to simultaneously investigate social support‐seeking and provision behaviours using the Actor–Partner Interdependence Model (APIM). Ninety‐two friendship dyads participated in this study. Supportive versus negative friendship qualities were used to predict different support‐seeking and support‐provision behaviours during an experimental task. Cultural and gender variations were also examined. Results showed that self‐reported friendship qualities influence support‐seeking and provision behaviours intrapersonally and interpersonally. Female participants were more likely to provide emotion‐focused support than were male participants. After accounting for friendship qualities in the dyads, there was no evidence of cultural group differences on support‐seeking or provision behaviours among same‐sex friends. These results demonstrate the conceptual and empirical advantages of using APIM to unpack cultural and gender variations in social support processes. 相似文献
62.
We describe a case of a brain-damaged patient who had a peculiar bodily illusion which could not be labelled an hallucination but seemed somatognosically and phenomenologically similar to the phantom limb without amputation. The patient, who showed left hemiplegia, felt a third upper limb (without seeing it) which he himself defined as "spare." The spare limb was not deformed; it could be moved and controlled by the patient, and there was no sensation of pain. The patient did not show psychopathological or cognitive disorders. A possible interpretation of the phenomenon is as a "phantom movement" of the paralysed limb: the mental representation of the movement of the limb was dissociated from the bodily representation of his own limb and so was still present in his consciousness despite the paralysis. 相似文献
63.
64.
Masin SC 《Perception》2002,31(7):799-811
Four experiments are reported, the aim of which was to explore the achromatic-colour and distance relations that determine the probability of achromatic surfaces grouping perceptually. The first two experiments were performed to test Wertheimer's conjecture that similarity and dissimilarity of achromatic colours jointly determine grouping. The results indicate that only similarity of achromatic colours determines grouping. Data from the other two experiments show that grouping is determined by absolute, relative, and Gillam's distances. These findings agree with previous literature showing that different algorithms or mechanisms determine grouping by similarity and grouping by distance. Additionally, these findings show that the single factor of grouping by distance also depends on multiple algorithms or mechanisms. 相似文献
65.
Masin SC 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2003,10(1):220-223
The brightness of an achromatic surface with luminance S on an achromatic background with luminance B varies with S, with B, and with the luminance step deltaL at the border of the surface. In agreement with previous findings indicating that the visual system can perform as a photometer, the results of the two experiments reported here show that S and B determined surface brightness independently of deltaL when the surface was adjacent to and when it was separated from the background. This finding suggests that surface brightness depends on the integration of neural signals representing magnitudes of absolute luminance. A weighted-average model of this integration is proposed. 相似文献
66.
Working memory and updating processes in reading comprehension 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
In this study, we examine the relation between reading comprehension ability and success in working memory updating tasks. Groups of poor and good comprehenders, matched for logical reasoning ability, but different in reading comprehension ability, were administered various updating tasks in a series of experiments. In the first experiment, the participants were presented with lists of words, the length of which (4-10 words) was unknown beforehand, and were required to remember the last 4 words in each series. In this task, we found a decrease in performance that was related to longer series and poor reading ability. In the second experiment, we presented lists of nouns referring to items of different sizes, in a task that simulated the selection and updating of relevant information that occurs in the on-line comprehension process. The participants were required to remember a limited, predefined number of the smallest items presented. We found that poor comprehenders not only had a poorer memory, but also made a greater number of intrusion errors. In the third and fourth experiments, memory load (number of items to be selected) and suppression request (number of potentially relevant items) were manipulated within subjects. Increases in both memory load and suppression requests impaired performance. Furthermore, we found that poor comprehenders produced a greater number of intrusion errors, particularly when the suppression request was increased. Finally, in a fifth experiment, a request to specify the size of presented items was introduced. Poor comprehenders were able to select the appropriate items, although their recall was poorer. Altogether, the data show that working memory abilities, based on selecting and updating relevant information and avoiding intrusion errors, are related to reading comprehension. 相似文献
67.
Mental image generation is a complex process mediated by dynamically interrelated components, e.g. image generation and image
enrichment of details. This study investigated the cognitive and neural correlates of sequential image generation. An event-related
fMRI experiment was carried out in which general and specific images had to be generated sequentially in two different positions.
Participants had to generate either a general image first and then a specific one or a specific image first and then a general
one, in response to the same word-stimulus. Generation times showed that specific images took shorter to be produced if they
had been preceded by the generation of a general image. The fMRI results showed that position of generation and type of image
was associated with different patterns of neurofunctional change. When an image was generated as first, areas of activation
were found in the parahippocampal, fusiform and occipital regions. These are areas associated with memory retrieval and visual
processing. When an image was generated as second, significant activations were found in superior temporal and precuneus areas,
brain structures that are involved in the storage of visual memory for object shapes and imagery, respectively. The generation
of a general image was supported by frontal areas and by the precuneus. The generation of a specific image involved frontal
and thalamic areas (structures associated with visual processing of details) and the posterior cingulate cortex. When shifting
from a specific image to a general one, a higher level of activity was found in the middle frontal gyrus involved in global
visuo-spatial processing, suggesting that the generation of specific images required the retrieval of an object’s global shape.
Altogether, these data suggest that the sequential generation of different types of image is associated with discrete processes
but also shares common cognitive and neural components. 相似文献
68.
Peter Baumgartner Alexander Fuchs Hans de Nivelle Cesare Tinelli 《Journal of Applied Logic》2009,7(1):58-74
Recent years have seen considerable interest in procedures for computing finite models of first-order logic specifications. One of the major paradigms, MACE-style model building, is based on reducing model search to a sequence of propositional satisfiability problems and applying (efficient) SAT solvers to them. A problem with this method is that it does not scale well because the propositional formulas to be considered may become very large.We propose instead to reduce model search to a sequence of satisfiability problems consisting of function-free first-order clause sets, and to apply (efficient) theorem provers capable of deciding such problems. The main appeal of this method is that first-order clause sets grow more slowly than their propositional counterparts, thus allowing for more space efficient reasoning.In this paper we describe our proposed reduction in detail and discuss how it is integrated into the Darwin prover, our implementation of the Model Evolution calculus. The results are general, however, as our approach can be used in principle with any system that decides the satisfiability of function-free first-order clause sets.To demonstrate its practical feasibility, we tested our approach on all satisfiable problems from the TPTP library. Our methods can solve a significant subset of these problems, which overlaps but is not included in the subset of problems solvable by state-of-the-art finite model builders such as Paradox and Mace4. 相似文献
69.
Sergio Cesare Masin Verena Zudini Mauro Antonelli 《Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences》2009,45(1):56-65
Historians of psychology, notably Boring, fostered Fechner's idea that Weber's law is the indispensable basis for the derivation of the logarithmic psychophysical law. However, it is shown here that Bernoulli in 1738 and Thurstone in 1931 derived the logarithmic law using principles other than Weber's law and that Fechner and Thurstone based their derivations on the principles originally employed by Bernoulli. It is concluded that awareness of researchers about Bernoulli's and Thurstone's derivations could expand the directions of research on the form of the psychophysical law. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
70.
Caviola S Mammarella IC Cornoldi C Lucangeli D 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2012,112(2):141-160
The involvement of working memory (WM) was examined in two types of mental calculation tasks: exact and approximate. Specifically, children attending Grades 3 and 4 of primary school were involved in three experiments that examined the role of verbal and visuospatial WM in solving addition problems presented in vertical or horizontal format. For Experiment 1, the children were required to solve addition problems with carrying. For Experiment 2, they were required to solve addition problems without carrying. Then, for Experiment 3, the children needed to solve approximate problems with and without carrying. Results confirmed that different WM components are involved in solving mental addition problems. In Experiment 1, horizontally presented addition problems were more impaired than vertically presented ones, according to a verbal WM load; conversely, vertically presented addition problems were more affected by a visuospatial WM load, especially when the children were required to perform approximate calculations. In Experiment 2, this pattern emerged in neither exact nor approximate calculations. Finally, in Experiment 3, the specific involvement of WM components was observed only in problems with carrying. Overall, these results reveal that both approximate calculation and carrying procedures demand particularly high WM resources that vary according to the task's constraints. 相似文献