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51.
Ricardo Basso Garcia Irene C. Mammarella Doriana Tripodi Cesare Cornoldi 《The British journal of developmental psychology》2014,32(1):17-33
This study examined forward and backward recall of locations and colours and the binding of locations and colours, comparing typically developing children – aged between 8 and 10 years – with two different groups of children of the same age with learning disabilities (dyslexia in one group, non‐verbal learning disability [NLD] in the other). Results showed that groups with learning disabilities had different visuospatial working memory problems and that children with NLD had particular difficulties in the backward recall of locations. The differences between the groups disappeared, however, when locations and colours were bound together. It was concluded that specific processes may be involved in children in the binding and backward recall of different types of information, as they are not simply the resultant of combining the single processes needed to recall single features. 相似文献
52.
Mental images: Specific or general,personal or impersonal? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tore Helstrup Cesare Cornoldi & Rossana Debeni 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》1997,38(3):189-197
In three experiments the relation between visual images classified in terms of the four categories of personal, impersonal, specific, and general images was explored. The results showed that subjects were able to generate all types of images, with personal images being the easiest to recall. Personal images, together with general images, were the image types being easiest to integrate with one another. Overall, the observations suggested the existence of two imagery dimensions: specific-general, and personal-impersonal. Memory was found to be best for personal images. Personal images turned out to be easier to integrate in memory than specific images. The findings were discussed in terms of different image generation models. 相似文献
53.
Working memory and intrusions of irrelevant information in a group of specific poor problem solvers 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
An important body of evidence has shown that reading comprehension ability is related to working memory and, in particular, to the success in Daneman and Carpenter's (1980) reading and listening span test. This research tested a similar hypothesis for arithmetic word problems, since, in order to maintain and process the information, they require working memory processes. A group of children possessing average vocabulary but poor arithmetic problem-solving skills was compared with a group of good problem solvers, matched for vocabulary, age, and socioeconomic status. Poor problem solvers presented lower recall and a greater number of intrusion errors in a series of tasks testing working memory and memory for problems. The results obtained over a series of six experimental phases, conducted during a 2-school-year period, offer evidence in favor of the hypotheses that groups of poor problem solvers may have poor performance in a working memory test requiring inhibition of irrelevant information (Hypothesis 1), but not in other short-term memory tests (Hypothesis 2), that this difficulty is related to poor recall of critical information and greater recall of to-be-inhibited information (Hypothesis 3), that poor problem solvers also have difficulty in remembering only relevant information included in arithmetic word problems (Hypothesis 4) despite the fact that they are able to identify relevant information (Hypothesis 5). The results show that problem-solving ability is related to the ability of reducing the memory accessibility of nontarget and irrelevant information. 相似文献
54.
Individual differences in the capacity limitations of visuospatial short-term memory: Research on sighted and totally congenitally blind people 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The study of visuospatial imagery processes in totally congenitally blind people makes it possible to understand the specific contribution of visual experience for imagery processes. We argue that blind people may have visuospatial imagery processes, but they suffer from some capacity limitations. Similar, although smaller, limitations and individual differences may be found in sighted people. Visuospatial imagery capacity was explored by asking people to follow an imaginary pathway through either two- or three-dimensional matrices of different complexity. The blind appear to use specific visuospatial processes in this task (Experiments 2 and 3), but they have difficulty with three-dimensional matrices; sighted people have no such difficulty with three-dimensional matrices (Experiment 1). On the other hand, when a three-dimensional pattern exceeded sighted capacity, the blind and sighted showed similar patterns of errors. Subsequent analyses suggested that both visuospatial processes and verbal mediation were used. 相似文献
55.
Steven J. Cesare Anthony Dalessio Richard J. Tannenbaum 《Journal of applied social psychology》1988,18(15):1261-1273
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether target applicants of different race and/or sex affected the degree of contrast effect error, in an interview setting. This study was a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial ANOVA design (Preceding Applicants × Race × Sex). Undergraduates (N= 120) were randomly assigned to one of the eight experimental conditions. Each subject viewed and rated three videotaped interview simulations. As hypothesized, results indicated a large contrast effect, i.e., preceding applicant main effect. Furthermore, the results also revealed a significant three-way interaction. The ratings given to all target applicants in the Negative Predecessor condition were equally lenient, while the ratings given to ail target applicants in the Positive Predecessor condition were more variable. The focus of this condition was on the white male target applicant, who received the lowest ratings of any target applicant. Interpretation and suggestions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
56.
Fossati A Beauchaine TP Grazioli F Borroni S Carretta I De Vecchi C Cortinovis F Danelli E Maffei C 《Journal of personality disorders》2006,20(2):186-203
Notwithstanding its research and clinical relevance, the dimensionality and validity of the DSM-IV avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders (PDs) criteria is still a largely unexplored topic. The aim of this study was to test the factor structure for DSM-IV Cluster C PD criteria in a sample of 641 consecutively admitted outpatients. Factor analysis results suggested that avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive PDs share a common latent dimension, and supported the three-factor structure of both observer and self-report ratings of DSM-IV Cluster C PD criteria. The pattern of factor loadings, however, was different from the one expected according to the DSM-IV classification. 相似文献
57.
Barbara Carretti Cesare Cornoldi Rossana De Beni Paola Palladino 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》2004,57(6):1059-1084
The study explored, from an individual differences point of view, what happens to information to be suppressed in a working-memory task at short and long term. In particular, it was examined whether control mechanisms of irrelevant information in working memory imply their complete elimination from working memory or just the modulation of their activation. To this end, we compared the fate of irrelevant information in groups of subjects with high and low reading comprehension (Experiments 1 and 2) and subjects with high and low working memory (Experiments 1, 2, 3, and 4). All the experiments presented a working-memory task devised by De Beni, Palladino, Pazzaglia, and Cornoldi (1998), which required participants to process lists of words, to tap when a word from a particular category was presented, and then to recall only the last items in each list. Results confirmed that participants with high reading comprehension also have higher working memory and make less intrusion errors due to irrelevant items that have to be processed but then discarded. Furthermore, it was found that participants with low working memory have slightly better implicit (Experiment 1) and explicit memory (Experiments 3 and 4) of highly activated irrelevant information. Nevertheless, in a long-term recognition test, participants with high and low reading comprehension/working memory presented a similar pattern of memory for different types of irrelevant information (Experiment 2), whereas in a short-term memory recognition test, low-span participants presented a facilitation effect in the time required for the recognition of highly activated irrelevant information (Experiment 4). It was concluded that efficient working-memory performance is related to the temporary reduction of activation of irrelevant information but does not imply its elimination from memory. 相似文献
58.
The aims of this study were to assess whether Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) features could be predicted by Big Five traits, impulsivity, identity orientation, and adult attachment patterns in a sample of 1,192 adult nonclinical participants, and to evaluate the consistency of these regression models across four age groups (<30 years, 30-39 years, 40-49 years, and >50 years, respectively). In the full sample, measures of neuroticism (N), impulsivity, and anxious insecure attachment were substantial predictors of BPD features (adjusted R(2) = .38, p < .001). Attachment scales were significant predictors of BPD features across all age groups, but different scales were relevant in different age groups. Our results suggest that in nonclinical populations, BPD may represent a complex constellation of personality traits and disturbed attachment patterns. 相似文献
59.
60.
The law of prior entry was one of E.B. Titchener’s seven fundamental laws of attention. According to Titchener (1908, p. 251): “the object of attention comes to consciousness more quickly than the objects which we are not attending to.” Although researchers have been studying prior entry for more than a century now, progress in understanding the effect has been hindered by the many methodological confounds present in early research. As a consequence, it is unclear whether the behavioral effects reported in the majority of published studies in this area should be attributed to attention, decisional response biases, and/or, in the case of exogenous spatial cuing studies of the prior-entry effect, to sensory facilitation effects instead. In this article, the literature on the prior-entry effect is reviewed, the confounds present in previous research highlighted, current consensus summarized, and some of the key questions for future research outlined. In particular, recent research has now provided compelling psychophysical and electrophysiological evidence to support the claim that attending to a sensory modality, spatial location, or stimulus feature/attribute can all give rise to a relative speeding-up of the time of arrival of attended, as compared to relatively less attended (or unattended) stimuli. Prior-entry effects have now been demonstrated following both the endogenous and exogenous orienting of attention, though prior-entry effects tend to be smaller in magnitude when assessed by means of participants’ performance on SJ tasks than when assessed by means of their performance on TOJ tasks. 相似文献