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61.
Two experiments tested the effect of context on figure perception. Subjects were shown rapid sequences of three figures: a prime, a whole, and a part. They were asked to decide if the third figure was a part of the second (Experiment 1) or if the second and third figures were the same or different with respect to a particular angle (Experiment 2). The prime served to establish a context for stimuli that followed to be compared. Priming had influence on the part—whole comparison in Experiment 1, but not on the local comparison in Experiment 2. The results of Experiment 1 were interpreted as evidence for a role of prior information in perceptual organization. Experiment 2 showed that the task must require an integrative perceptual organization strategy for the priming effects to occur. 相似文献
62.
Three theoretical measures of Prägnanz were compared with four data sets. The theoretical measures were a stimulus-coding one (structural information load, SIL), a measure related to within memory processes (stability), and one based on the interaction of perception and memory (resonance). The four data sets were obtained in two experiments and involved goodness rating, grouping, and immediate and delayed recall. A complete set of seven-element binary serial patterns was used in each experiment. Both SIL and resonance were shown to correlate reliably with the data sets across tasks. The resonance measure, however, performed best. Prägnanz thus appears to be explained better by resonance than by stimulus coding or memory storage. Resonance explained all systematic variance in the recall tasks, but not in the other tasks. Regarding these, partial-correlation analyses showed that the effect of stability could be fully reduced to resonance. SIL could not be similarly reduced. Therefore, additional perceptual constraints, other than resonance, would be needed for a complete account of goodness in the judging or grouping tasks. 相似文献
63.
Cees van Leeuwen 《Psychological research》1990,52(2-3):145-152
Summary It is discussed whether information-processing or connectionist models might explain the law ofPrägnanz under constraints resulting from a physical interpretation of these models. An information-processing approach is contrasted with thermodynamics and, finally, an alternative approach more directly inspired by Gestalt is discussed. It is argued that this model could be physically realized with relatively moderate requirements on the substrate in terms of information-processing resources. 相似文献
64.
Factual information plays a vital role in public awareness of environmental problems, and in governmental interventions that
this awareness provokes. There is a growing need for new information to define and explore these problems, and to allow consequent
political decision-making. This article examines the policy process, making a distinction between knowing and deciding. It
will become clear that information and policy, both of which arise when a minimal level of problem-consciousness is reached,
are the two important prime movers toward a better understanding and acceptance of environmental problems. Attention is given
to information management as a prerequisite of communication management to influence attitudes and behavior, and to the role
of communication in a total intervention-mix. 相似文献
65.
Knowledge systems theory, in our view, tends to obscure rather than illuminate an understanding of the fundamentals of knowledge
processes in society. This tendency occurs primarily because both the theory, and the methodologies that are derived from
it, fail to recognize that knowledge processes are social processes, and thereby that knowledge itself has to be envisaged
as a social construction. As a result of this omission, knowledge systems theory and methodology can only deal poorly with
issues of power and social conflict, and, at the same time, tend to make use of several inappropriate teleological and reifying
notions. According to our view, the understanding of knowledge processes will benefit greatly from a more actor-oriented perspective.
In such an approach, emphasis is accorded to human agency and the concept of multiple knowledge networks. Central purposes
of actor-oriented methodologies then, are to clarify how actors attempt to create space for their own ‘projects’ and to determine
which elements contribute to or impede the successful creation of such space for maneuver.
Norman Long is a member of the Department of Rural Sociology of the Tropics and Subtropics at Wageningen Agricultural University,
P.O. Box 8130, 6700 EW, Wageningen, The Netherlands. He is known for his work in the sociology of rural development.
Magdalena Villarreal recently acquired her M.S. in “Management of Agricultural Knowledge Systems” at Wageningen Agricultural
University. She is presently working on a Ph.D. proposal on issues of power, gender, and intervention. 相似文献
66.
Fred N. Kerlinger Cees P. Middendorp Jesús Amn 《International journal of psychology》1976,11(4):265-279
A criterial referents theory of attitudes was tested cross-culturally by administering a social attitude referents (single words and short phrases) summated-rating scale, suitably “transformed”, to 500 graduate students of education in the United States, 470 mature students of psychology in Spain, and 270 students of the social sciences and a stratified random sample of 685 persons in the Netherlands. The theory claims a dualistic (two second-order factors) structure of social attitudes, thus challenging the common assumption of attitude bipolarity, which arises from the notion that differing attitude orientations oppose each other, e. g., conservatism versus liberalism. First-order factor analysis of the correlations among the items and second-order factor analysis of the correlations among the first-order obliquely rotated factors supported the theoretical predictions with certain exceptions. In general, the first-order factors of the referents scales contained only conservatism or only liberalism items; negative loading were mostly low in magnitude. Four similar conservative factors and four similar liberalism factors appeared in the three countries, with one, two, or three unique factors in each sample. The second-order factor analyses yielded two main orthogonal factors, one identifiable as conservatism, the other as liberalism; a third factor was complementary to one of the two main factors. Bipolarity was a relatively minor phenomenon. Thus the results indicated the empirical cross-cultural validity of the theory, but also the need for its further specification. 相似文献
67.
The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-II and MCMI-III) and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)
were applied to 263 Dutch inpatient substance abusers with multiple psychiatric diagnoses, and the results compared with those
of 306 North-American substance abusers studied by Ward (1995). We looked for structural similarity both across groups (per instrument) and across the two instruments (per sample), using principal components analysis and congruence analysis. The component structure found by Ward was partly
replicated in the Dutch group, thus cross-validating the use of the two instruments with these patients. Moreover, as found
by Ward, the MMPI-2 content and supplementary scales of the Dutch sample proved to be important determinants of the first
three MMPI-2 components, adding to convergent validity. Questions remained about the influence of the (dis)continuity of MCMI-II
and MCMI-III on the replicability of the MCMI components. 相似文献
68.
To advise policy‐makers about possible courses of action in the environmental domain, psychological science should employ a support system that allows for evidence‐based decisions with respect to the three generic policy questions: what, where, and how. The key to such a system is a measurement instrument in which environmental motivation becomes tangible in individual actions. In this article, we provide empirical examples of such a decision support system in the environmental domain. It consists of (a) evidence about environmental motivation of persons, (b) evidence about motivation's spatial distribution, (c) knowledge about the socio‐cultural conditions that affect individuals when they translate motivation into action (i.e. structural information), and (d) a forecast of the environmental impact—the concrete conservation potential of various behaviors. Pour conseiller les décideurs à propos de lignes de conduite possibles dans le domaine de l’environnement, la science psychologique devrait utiliser un système qui tienne compte des décisions provenant des trois questions génériques suivantes: quoi, ou et comment? La clé d’un tel système consiste en un instrument de mesure dans lequel la motivation environnementale devient tangible dans les actions individuelles. Dans cet article, nous prenons des exemples empiriques de telles aides à la décision dans le domaine de l’environnement. Peut être ainsi montré a) la motivation environnementale des personnes, b) la distribution spatiale de la motivation, c) l’influence de la connaissance des conditions socioculturelles des individus quand ils transforment motivation en action (i.e. information structurale) et (d) la prévision de l’impact environnemental sur le maintien potentiel de divers comportements. 相似文献
69.
70.