右视野颜色范畴知觉是长期习得语言范畴还是即时分类颜色的结果?

本研究探讨了右视野颜色范畴知觉是由长期习得语言范畴还是即时分类颜色引起的。实验1让被试先将深绿、浅绿、浅蓝和深蓝四种颜色分为四种范畴,再接受视觉搜索任务。结果发现,视觉搜索任务中出现了与颜色分类相应的右视野颜色范畴知觉,且这一效应在任务的早段就表现出来,提示右视野颜色范畴知觉并非由分类颜色所引起。实验2让被试将四种渐进的蓝色分为两种范畴,并在之前与后接受视觉搜索任务。结果表明,分类后的视觉搜索中并未出现右视野颜色范畴知觉。先前研究表明,习得语言范畴使四种颜色为两种范畴后,颜色辨别会出现右视野范畴效应。因此,这一结果提示右视野颜色范畴知觉并非由分类颜色,而是由习得语言范畴所引起的。总体上,本研究提示右视野颜色范畴知觉是由长期习得语言范畴,而非即时分类颜色引起的,进一步揭示了语言与颜色知觉的关系。     

习得的语言范畴影响颜色知觉的机制:来自ERP的证据

本研究以两个实验探讨了习得的语言范畴影响颜色知觉的机制.实验1让被试接受短期“色-词”重组训练,使原先范畴内的两种颜色变为范畴间的颜色,训练前后完成视觉搜索任务.反应时结果显示,在训练后,与训练的两种颜色近似的另外两种颜色的知觉表现出边缘显著的偏侧化颜色范畴效应.实验2让被试接受与实验1相同的训练后,完成视觉Oddball任务.ERP结果显示,在训练后,与训练的两种颜色近似的另外两种颜色的偏差刺激在早期知觉阶段就表现出偏侧化vMMN效应.这些结果表明:习得的语言范畴能影响早期的、注意前的颜色知觉机能,且这一影响过程可以在短期内完成;习得的语言范畴会影响颜色知觉范畴,而非仅影响特定颜色点的知觉机能.     

Perceptions of parenting: individual differences and the effect of community

Neighborhood norms are an important determinant of beliefs and attitudes about parenting, and measuring changes in community norms is an important component of evaluating community-based programs for improving child outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not a survey of community residents' perceptions of parenting could be used to measure community parenting norms and whether these perceptions differed by individual or community characteristics. Two community surveys with 870 and 914 respondents, respectively, were conducted in 3 low-income neighborhoods. Results indicated that perceptions of parenting could be measured reliably at the community level although it is important to consider the presence of multiple norms when using such measures. Furthermore, differences in perceptions of parenting associated with individual characteristics were markedly decreased when neighborhood characteristics were considered, suggesting that the association of individual characteristics with perceptions of parenting is confounded by neighborhood characteristics.