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991.
Catherine A. Clement Ruby C. Harris Barbara M. Burns Tara N. Weatherholt 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2010,29(4):273-287
The present research examined the effect of prior experience on the distribution of attention during judgments of analogical
similarity. Identifying analogical similarity requires mapping a set of relations in one situation onto a matching set of
relations in an analogous situation. Analogical mapping is difficult when the common relational structure is embedded in contexts
with dissimilar surface features and irrelevant surface similarities. Prior comparison of analogs may help subjects find future
relational correspondences and ignore surface similarity (Markman and Gentner 1993). In the present study, attention was measured with eye tracking, which was monitored while subjects rated the similarity
of analogous scenes. Experimental but not control subjects had previously compared scenes with the same structure. Eye fixation
data indicated that prior comparison did not affect attention to structure-relevant objects, but significantly reduced attention
to irrelevant surface-similar objects. Scanning data showing that both groups scanned within scenes more than between scenes
were consistent with structure-mapping models of analogy. 相似文献
992.
Kimberly L. Goodman Andres De Los Reyes Catherine P. Bradshaw 《Clinical child and family psychology review》2010,13(4):366-383
Discrepancies often occur among informants’ reports of various domains of child and family functioning and are particularly
common between parent and child reports of youth violence exposure. However, recent work suggests that discrepancies between
parent and child reports predict subsequent poorer child outcomes. We propose a preliminary conceptual model (Discrepancies
in Victimization Implicate Developmental Effects [DiVIDE]) that considers how and why discrepancies between parents’ and youths’
ratings of child victimization may be related to poor adjustment outcomes. The model addresses how dyadic processes, such
as the parent–youth relationship and youths’ information management, might contribute to discrepancies. We also consider coping
processes that explain why discrepancies may predict increases in youth maladjustment. Based on this preliminary conceptual
framework, we offer suggestions and future directions for researchers who encounter conflicting reports of community violence
exposure and discuss why the proposed model is relevant to interventions for victimized youths. 相似文献
993.
This study investigated relations between father involvement in caregiving and play and coparenting behavior using self-report and observational data from 80 two-parent families of preschool-aged children, and examined parents' nontraditional beliefs about fathers' roles and family earner status as moderators of these relations. Results indicated that greater father involvement in caregiving and play was associated with less observed undermining coparenting behavior in dual-earner families. Conversely, greater father involvement in caregiving was associated with less perceived supportive and greater perceived undermining coparenting behavior in single-earner families. Father involvement in play was not related to coparenting behavior among single-earner families. This study highlights the importance of considering parental employment patterns and the multidimensional nature of fathering behavior when studying fathering and coparenting. 相似文献
994.
This article presents an exploratory study, which attempts to analyse the changes which have occurred in the professional life of nurses in France since the introduction of the system of payment per medical act (T2A). The theoretical background is provided by theories on the activity. The T2A system is intended to provide a means of or ganising nursing care. The main results of qualitative analysis undertaken show above all changes in the way nurses’ work is organised (pace, rhythm, productivity, value for money and turnover). The more intense workload mentioned by the nurses concerns above all an increase in technical and administrative activity rather than any personal interaction with the patients, which appears to have suffered from the changes. The repercessions identified by the nursing staff include frustration, a loss of meaning in their work and a lower standard of nursing care provided. 相似文献
995.
- This study explores the influence of both generation and acculturation on food and media consumption patterns of Korean migrant families in Australia. Given the lack of studies specifically examining acculturative and generational influences on changes occurring in a culturally adaptive context, this study's objectives are to explore not only the experience of consumption for the families but also the differences between first‐ and second‐generation migrants and the differences within the family between parent and child. The findings of the study demonstrate the conflicted and negotiated construction of consumption around the dual cultural identities. The complexity and creolised effect of consumption appears when traditional food meets with the multi‐cuisine foodscape of Australia. The nostalgic consumption of certain kinds of ‘ethnic media’ meets up with the second generation's consumption of the same kinds of media for easy and quick‐fix ‘socialisation’. Elements of ‘reverse socialisation’ are also observed in the data. The study contributes to a better understanding of the cumulative and often intertwined effects of acculturation and/or generation in consumption changes.
996.
Will M. Gervais Catherine L. Reed Paula M. Beall Ralph J. Roberts 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2010,72(6):1437-1443
Research confirms that the body influences perception, but little is known about the embodiment of attention. We investigated whether the implied actions of others direct spatial attention, using a lateralized covert-orienting task with nonpredictive central cues depicting static, right/left-facing bodies poised in midaction. Validity effects (decreased response times for validly compared with invalidly cued trials) indicated orienting in the direction of the implied action. In Experiment 1, we compared action (running, throwing) with nonaction (standing) cues. Only the action cues produced validity effects, suggesting that implied action directs attention. The action cues produced faster responses overall, suggesting that action cues prime motor responses. In Experiment 2, we determined whether action cues shifted attention in a specific direction rather than to a general side of space: Two cues had similar action speed and motor effort but differed in implied direction (jumping, vertical; throwing, horizontal). Validity effects were found only for the throw cues for which the implied motion direction was consistent with lateralized target locations. In Experiment 3, we compared block-like stimuli to the throwing action stimuli to examine whether lower level perceptual information could account for the attention effects alone. Validity effects were found only for the human-action stimuli. Overall, the results suggest that predictive simulations of action shift attention in action-consistent directions. 相似文献
997.
Belle Liang Allison Tracy Tina Kauh Catherine Taylor Linda M. Williams 《Journal of multicultural counseling and development》2006,34(3):143-154
This study examines differences in the mentoring relationships of Asian American and Euro‐American college women. Findings showed that the groups view mentoring as equally important but that fewer Asians report having a mentor. However, those who have mentors find them to be just as valuable as do their Euro‐American counterparts. Este estudio examina las diferencias en las relaciones de mentoring de mujeres Asiáticas Americanas y Euro‐Americanas colegiales. Las conclusiones mostraron que los grupos ven mentoring como igualmente importante pero que menos Asiáticos informan teniendo un mentor. Sin embargo, los que tienen mentores los encuentran que ser apenas tan valioso como lo hacen sus contrapartes de Euro‐Americanos. 相似文献
998.
Research has focused on the environmental causes of bullying in prison, but neglected the intrinsic characteristics of bullies. Although the importance of social status in prison has been noted as one factor that may influence bullying, no empirical research has yet addressed this. The main aim of this study was to investigate whether the perceived importance of social status in prison motivates bullying, with the subsidiary aim of exploring whether moral disengagement and prisonization influence the relationship. A total of 132 adult male prisoners were interviewed and categorized as a bully, victim, bully/victim or not involved. The prevalence of bullying was high, with over half the prisoners being both a victim and perpetrator of bullying. As predicted, bullying was positively related to the perceived importance of social status; prisoners involved in bullying valued social status more than those who were not. Furthermore, moral disengagement mediated the relationship between bullying and social status. Prisonization was also related to the perceived importance of social status, moral disengagement and bullying. It is concluded that a desire to achieve social status in prison may contribute to bullying. Furthermore, prisonized attitudes may instill values such as social status into prisoners and may also help facilitate cognitive distortions such as moral disengagement, which in turn, may serve to maintain involvement in bullying activity. Aggr. Behav. 32:1–12, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
999.
Catherine P. Bradshaw Jennifer Southwick Brown Stephen F. Hamilton 《Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling》2006,27(1):2-16
Contemporary perspectives on positive youth development are considered in light of multidisciplinary life‐course research regarding the development of serious behavior problems. Strategies are provided for applying the youth development perspective and life‐course research to clinical interventions for court‐involved youth. 相似文献
1000.