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961.
Nick Haslam Stephen Loughnan Catherine Reynolds Samuel Wilson 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2007,1(1):409-422
Dehumanization has traditionally been understood as an extreme form of prejudice that enables violence and cruelty. Recent work indicates that it can also take subtle and everyday forms. We give an overview of early contributions to the psychological study of dehumanization before reviewing recent research on the attribution and denial of humanness. We emphasize our own research program, which proceeds from a theoretical analysis of two distinct senses of humanness, which when denied to others yield two forms of dehumanization. In one form, people are denied uniquely human attributes and likened to animals, and in the other, they are denied essentially human attributes and likened to machines. We discuss the ways in which these two forms of dehumanization are manifest in perceptions of individuals and groups, and speculate on the cognitive and motivational processes involved. 相似文献
962.
Ecological and acculturation frameworks are especially central to understanding the experiences of immigrant populations and to date, current research has yielded new conceptual and methodological tools for documenting the cultural and developmental processes of children and their families. This special issue of 12 articles focuses on immigrant families and the importance of gender along various dimensions: parental roles, parent–child relationships, child outcomes. The collection of articles also represents various innovative methodologies used, including quantitative and qualitative approaches. 相似文献
963.
Cline M. Blanchard Catherine E. Amiot Stphane Perreault Robert J. Vallerand Pierre Provencher 《Psychology of sport and exercise》2009,10(5):545-551
GoalThe goal of this study was to test the impact of cohesiveness and coaches' controlling interpersonal style on athletes' perceptions of autonomy, competence and relatedness. A contextual motivation sequence [Vallerand, R. J. (1997). Toward a hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 29 (pp. 271–360). New York: Academic Press.] was tested whereby social factors supporting the satisfaction of basic needs would increase the level of sport self-determination, which in turn, should predict subjective well-being in athletes.MethodThe proposed sequence was tested with 197 basketball players using structural equation modeling. The hypothesized model was supported.ResultsPerceptions of cohesiveness positively predicted the satisfaction of the basic needs. Perceptions of coaches' controlling interpersonal style negatively impacted feelings of autonomy. In turn, psychological needs predicted self-determination in sports ensuing greater sport satisfaction and positive emotions in sports. Tests of indirect effects also supported the mediating role of psychological needs and self-determination.ConclusionResults are discussed in light of the different types of motivational antecedents and their influence on the psychological needs. 相似文献
964.
Sarah Frances Brosnan Joan B. Silk Joseph Henrich Mary Catherine Mareno Susan P. Lambeth Steven J. Schapiro 《Animal cognition》2009,12(4):587-597
Chimpanzees provide help to unrelated individuals in a broad range of situations. The pattern of helping within pairs suggests
that contingent reciprocity may have been an important mechanism in the evolution of altruism in chimpanzees. However, correlational
analyses of the cumulative pattern of interactions over time do not demonstrate that helping is contingent upon previous acts
of altruism, as required by the theory of reciprocal altruism. Experimental studies provide a controlled approach to examine
the importance of contingency in helping interactions. In this study, we evaluated whether chimpanzees would be more likely
to provide food to a social partner from their home group if their partner had previously provided food for them. The chimpanzees
manipulated a barpull apparatus in which actors could deliver rewards either to themselves and their partners or only to themselves.
Our findings indicate that the chimpanzees’ responses were not consistently influenced by the behavior of their partners in
previous rounds. Only one of the 11 dyads that we tested demonstrated positive reciprocity. We conclude that contingent reciprocity
does not spontaneously arise in experimental settings, despite the fact that patterns of behavior in the field indicate that
individuals cooperate preferentially with reciprocating partners. 相似文献
965.
The present study aimed to investigate the link between clothing and body experience in women of different ages. Participants were 162 female clothes shoppers between the ages of 18 and 55 who completed questionnaire measures of body image, functions of clothing, self-esteem, and enjoyment of clothes shopping. It was found that clothing was worn primarily for assurance and fashion by women of all ages. On the other hand, BMI and body dissatisfaction were related to the use of clothing for camouflage purposes and to a more negative clothes shopping experience. Both components of appearance investment were related to choice of clothes for fashion and assurance. However, the self-evaluative salience component was negatively related, while the motivational salience was positively related, to enjoyment of clothes shopping. It was concluded that although clothing is an under-researched aspect of body image, it represents an important part of women's appearance management, whatever their age. 相似文献
966.
We review existing knowledge about older consumers and decision making. We develop a conceptual framework that incorporates the notion of fit between individual characteristics, task demands and the contextual environment. When the fit is high, older consumers use their considerable knowledge and experience to compensate for the impact of any age-related changes in abilities and resources. When the fit is relatively low, older consumers feel increased need to adapt their decision making processes. We discuss these consumer adaptations and propose a number of research questions related to the processes underlying them in order to contribute to a better understanding of how they can lead to more effective consumer decision making for older adults. We further consider some pragmatic implications of the adaptations for marketing management and public policy. 相似文献
967.
Eva Boyer Raymond G Miltenberger Catherine Batsche Victoria Fogel Linda LeBlanc 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2009,42(4):855-860
The effects of combining video modeling by experts with video feedback were analyzed with 4 female competitive gymnasts (7 to 10 years old) in a multiple baseline design across behaviors. During the intervention, after the gymnast performed a specific gymnastics skill, she viewed a video segment showing an expert gymnast performing the same skill and then viewed a video replay of her own performance of the skill. The results showed that all gymnasts demonstrated improved performance across three gymnastics skills following exposure to the intervention. 相似文献
968.
Catherine Tuvblad Mo Zheng Adrian Raine Laura A. Baker 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(2):153-167
Previous studies examining the covariation among Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Oppositional Defiant Disorder
(ODD) and Conduct Disorder (CD) have yielded inconsistent results. Some studies have concluded that the covariation among
these symptoms is due to common genetic influences, whereas others have found a common environmental overlap. The present
study investigated the genetic and environmental correlations among these three childhood disorders, based on a sample of
1,219 twins, age 9–10 years. A latent externalizing behavior factor was found to explain the covariance among ADHD, ODD and
CD symptoms. Genetic influences explained more than half of the variance in this externalizing factor in both boys and girls.
There were also unique genetic and environmental influences in each set of symptoms, suggesting some etiological independence
of the three disorders. Our findings have implications for molecular genetic studies trying to identify susceptibility genes
for these disorders.
This study was funded by NIMH (R01 MH58354). Catherine Tuvblad was supported by post-doctoral stipends from the Swedish Council
for Working Life and Social Research (Project 2006-1501) and the Sweden-America Foundation. Adrian Raine was supported by
NIMH (Independent Scientist Award K02 MH01114-08). We thank the Southern California Twin Project staff for their assistance
in collecting data, and the twins and their families for their participation. 相似文献
969.
Hong Li Hua Shu Catherine McBride-Chang Jin Xue 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2009,103(2):135-151
A total of 82 Chinese 11- and 12-year-olds with and without dyslexia were tested on four paired associate learning (PAL) tasks, phonological awareness, morphological awareness, rapid naming, and verbal short-term memory in three different experiments. Experiment 1 demonstrated that children with dyslexia were significantly poorer in visual-verbal PAL than nondyslexic children but that these groups did not differ in visual-visual PAL performance. In Experiment 2, children with dyslexia had more difficulties in transferring rules to new stimuli in a rule-based visual-verbal PAL task as compared with children without dyslexia. Long-term retention of PAL was not impaired in dyslexic children across either experiment. In Experiment 3, rates of visual-verbal PAL deficits among children with dyslexia were all at or above 39%, the highest among all cognitive deficits tested. Moreover, rule-based visual-verbal PAL, in addition to morphological awareness and rapid naming ability, uniquely distinguished children with and without dyslexia even with other metalinguistic skills statistically controlled. Results underscore the importance of visual-verbal PAL for understanding reading impairment in Chinese children. 相似文献
970.
DEMAND EQUATIONS FOR QUALITATIVELY DIFFERENT FOODS UNDER FIXED‐RATIO SCHEDULES: A COMPARISON OF THREE DATA CONVERSIONS
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T. Mary Foster Catherine E. Sumpter William Temple Amanda Flevill Alan Poling 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2009,92(3):305-326
Concurrent schedules were used to establish 6 hens' preferences for three foods. The resulting biases suggested wheat was preferred over honey‐puffed and puffed wheat, and puffed wheat was the least preferred food. The hens then responded under fixed‐ratio schedules for each food in 40‐min (excluding reinforcer time) sessions, with the response requirement doubling each session until no reinforcers were received. At the smaller ratios, the less preferred the food, the faster the hens' overall response rates (mainly as a result of shorter postreinforcement pauses) and the more reinforcers they received. The relations between the logarithms of the number of reinforcers obtained (consumption) and the response ratio (price) were well fitted by curvilinear demand functions. Wheat produced the smallest initial consumption (ln L), followed by honey‐puffed and puffed wheat, respectively. The response requirement at which the demand functions predicted maximal responding (Pmax) were larger for wheat than for the other foods. Normalizing consumption and price, as suggested by Hursh and Winger (1995), moved the data for the three foods towards a single demand function; however, the Pmax values were generally largest for puffed wheat. The results of normalization, as suggested by Hursh and Silberberg (2008), depended on the k value used. The parameter k is related to the range of the data, and the same k value needs to be used for all data sets that are compared. A k value of 8.0 gave significantly higher essential values (smaller α values) for puffed wheat as compared to honey‐puffed wheat and wheat, and the Pmax values, in normalized standard price units, were largest for puffed wheat. Normalizing demand by converting the puffed and honey‐puffed wheat reinforcers to wheat equivalents (by applying the bias parameter from the concurrent‐schedules procedure) maintained separate demand functions for the foods. Those for wheat had the smallest rates of change in elasticity (a) and, in contrast to the other analyses, the largest Pmax values. Normalizing demand in terms of concurrent‐schedule preference appears to have some advantages and to merit further investigation. 相似文献