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961.
Autobiographical memory specificity and emotional disorder 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Williams JM Barnhofer T Crane C Herman D Raes F Watkins E Dalgleish T 《Psychological bulletin》2007,133(1):122-148
The authors review research showing that when recalling autobiographical events, many emotionally disturbed patients summarize categories of events rather than retrieving a single episode. The mechanisms underlying such overgeneral memory are examined, with a focus on M. A. Conway and C. W. Pleydell-Pearce's (2000) hierarchical search model of personal event retrieval. An elaboration of this model is proposed to account for overgeneral memory, focusing on how memory search can be affected by (a) capture and rumination processes, when mnemonic information used in retrieval activates ruminative thinking; (b) functional avoidance, when episodic material threatens to cause affective disturbance; and (c) impairment in executive capacity and control that limits an individual's ability to remain focused on retrieval in the face of distraction. 相似文献
962.
Despite increased visibility and availability of prenatal testing procedures, very little is known about the attitudes among
the populace toward these procedures. Using a computer assisted telephone interview of pregnant and non-pregnant women of
childbearing age we analyze awareness and attitudes regarding prenatal tests among a diverse group of women of childbearing
age in Texas. We also examine maternal characteristics associated with awareness and the willingness to undergo these procedures.
While 89% were aware that such tests are available, younger, black and less educated women were less likely to know about
prenatal tests for birth defects. Seventy-two percent of respondents said they would want their baby tested while Hispanic
and black women were significantly more likely to express an interest than non-Hispanic whites. This study demonstrates the
variability of knowledge and beliefs and confirms the importance of taking time to understand an individual’s personal beliefs,
knowledge and attitudes about prenatal diagnosis. 相似文献
963.
Hippocampal differentiation without recognition: an fMRI analysis of the contextual cueing task 下载免费PDF全文
Greene AJ Gross WL Elsinger CL Rao SM 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2007,14(8):548-553
A central role of the hippocampus is to consolidate conscious forms of learning and memory, while performance on implicit tasks appears to depend upon other structures. Recently, considerable debate has emerged about whether hippocampal-dependent tasks necessarily entail task awareness. In the contextual cueing task, repetition facilitation is implicit, but impaired in patients with amnesia. Whether the hippocampus alone or other MTL structures are required is unclear. Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed hippocampal activity that differentiates novel from repeated arrays. This pattern of results was observed without recognition of the repeating arrays. This finding provides support for the claim that the hippocampus is involved in processes outside the domain of conscious learning and memory. 相似文献
964.
Nick Haslam Stephen Loughnan Catherine Reynolds Samuel Wilson 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2007,1(1):409-422
Dehumanization has traditionally been understood as an extreme form of prejudice that enables violence and cruelty. Recent work indicates that it can also take subtle and everyday forms. We give an overview of early contributions to the psychological study of dehumanization before reviewing recent research on the attribution and denial of humanness. We emphasize our own research program, which proceeds from a theoretical analysis of two distinct senses of humanness, which when denied to others yield two forms of dehumanization. In one form, people are denied uniquely human attributes and likened to animals, and in the other, they are denied essentially human attributes and likened to machines. We discuss the ways in which these two forms of dehumanization are manifest in perceptions of individuals and groups, and speculate on the cognitive and motivational processes involved. 相似文献
965.
Ecological and acculturation frameworks are especially central to understanding the experiences of immigrant populations and to date, current research has yielded new conceptual and methodological tools for documenting the cultural and developmental processes of children and their families. This special issue of 12 articles focuses on immigrant families and the importance of gender along various dimensions: parental roles, parent–child relationships, child outcomes. The collection of articles also represents various innovative methodologies used, including quantitative and qualitative approaches. 相似文献
966.
Cline M. Blanchard Catherine E. Amiot Stphane Perreault Robert J. Vallerand Pierre Provencher 《Psychology of sport and exercise》2009,10(5):545-551
GoalThe goal of this study was to test the impact of cohesiveness and coaches' controlling interpersonal style on athletes' perceptions of autonomy, competence and relatedness. A contextual motivation sequence [Vallerand, R. J. (1997). Toward a hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 29 (pp. 271–360). New York: Academic Press.] was tested whereby social factors supporting the satisfaction of basic needs would increase the level of sport self-determination, which in turn, should predict subjective well-being in athletes.MethodThe proposed sequence was tested with 197 basketball players using structural equation modeling. The hypothesized model was supported.ResultsPerceptions of cohesiveness positively predicted the satisfaction of the basic needs. Perceptions of coaches' controlling interpersonal style negatively impacted feelings of autonomy. In turn, psychological needs predicted self-determination in sports ensuing greater sport satisfaction and positive emotions in sports. Tests of indirect effects also supported the mediating role of psychological needs and self-determination.ConclusionResults are discussed in light of the different types of motivational antecedents and their influence on the psychological needs. 相似文献
967.
Sarah Frances Brosnan Joan B. Silk Joseph Henrich Mary Catherine Mareno Susan P. Lambeth Steven J. Schapiro 《Animal cognition》2009,12(4):587-597
Chimpanzees provide help to unrelated individuals in a broad range of situations. The pattern of helping within pairs suggests
that contingent reciprocity may have been an important mechanism in the evolution of altruism in chimpanzees. However, correlational
analyses of the cumulative pattern of interactions over time do not demonstrate that helping is contingent upon previous acts
of altruism, as required by the theory of reciprocal altruism. Experimental studies provide a controlled approach to examine
the importance of contingency in helping interactions. In this study, we evaluated whether chimpanzees would be more likely
to provide food to a social partner from their home group if their partner had previously provided food for them. The chimpanzees
manipulated a barpull apparatus in which actors could deliver rewards either to themselves and their partners or only to themselves.
Our findings indicate that the chimpanzees’ responses were not consistently influenced by the behavior of their partners in
previous rounds. Only one of the 11 dyads that we tested demonstrated positive reciprocity. We conclude that contingent reciprocity
does not spontaneously arise in experimental settings, despite the fact that patterns of behavior in the field indicate that
individuals cooperate preferentially with reciprocating partners. 相似文献
968.
We review existing knowledge about older consumers and decision making. We develop a conceptual framework that incorporates the notion of fit between individual characteristics, task demands and the contextual environment. When the fit is high, older consumers use their considerable knowledge and experience to compensate for the impact of any age-related changes in abilities and resources. When the fit is relatively low, older consumers feel increased need to adapt their decision making processes. We discuss these consumer adaptations and propose a number of research questions related to the processes underlying them in order to contribute to a better understanding of how they can lead to more effective consumer decision making for older adults. We further consider some pragmatic implications of the adaptations for marketing management and public policy. 相似文献
969.
Eva Boyer Raymond G Miltenberger Catherine Batsche Victoria Fogel Linda LeBlanc 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2009,42(4):855-860
The effects of combining video modeling by experts with video feedback were analyzed with 4 female competitive gymnasts (7 to 10 years old) in a multiple baseline design across behaviors. During the intervention, after the gymnast performed a specific gymnastics skill, she viewed a video segment showing an expert gymnast performing the same skill and then viewed a video replay of her own performance of the skill. The results showed that all gymnasts demonstrated improved performance across three gymnastics skills following exposure to the intervention. 相似文献
970.
Catherine Tuvblad Mo Zheng Adrian Raine Laura A. Baker 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(2):153-167
Previous studies examining the covariation among Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Oppositional Defiant Disorder
(ODD) and Conduct Disorder (CD) have yielded inconsistent results. Some studies have concluded that the covariation among
these symptoms is due to common genetic influences, whereas others have found a common environmental overlap. The present
study investigated the genetic and environmental correlations among these three childhood disorders, based on a sample of
1,219 twins, age 9–10 years. A latent externalizing behavior factor was found to explain the covariance among ADHD, ODD and
CD symptoms. Genetic influences explained more than half of the variance in this externalizing factor in both boys and girls.
There were also unique genetic and environmental influences in each set of symptoms, suggesting some etiological independence
of the three disorders. Our findings have implications for molecular genetic studies trying to identify susceptibility genes
for these disorders.
This study was funded by NIMH (R01 MH58354). Catherine Tuvblad was supported by post-doctoral stipends from the Swedish Council
for Working Life and Social Research (Project 2006-1501) and the Sweden-America Foundation. Adrian Raine was supported by
NIMH (Independent Scientist Award K02 MH01114-08). We thank the Southern California Twin Project staff for their assistance
in collecting data, and the twins and their families for their participation. 相似文献