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171.
172.
Paul M. Biner Bradley C. Johnston Amanda D. Summers Elyse N. Chudzynski 《Motivation and emotion》2009,33(1):32-41
Previous research has provided evidence that the need to attain appetitive outcomes positively affects the certainty of winning
that outcome in purely chance-based games. Three experiments were conducted to test the notion that the need to avoid an aversive
outcome affects winning confidence in the same fashion. In Experiment 1, participants were given the opportunity to avoid
having to give an introductory remark (low need) or an impromptu speech (high need) to a group of peers by winning a chance-based
card-drawing game. As predicted, confidence-in-winning ratings were found to be a positive function of outcome need. In Experiment
2, participants faced a similar card-drawing procedure but this time could avoid ostensibly having their arms submersed in
either room temperature water (low need) or cold water (high need) need. Again as expected, results showed that participants
in the high need condition not only displayed greater winning confidence but also believed more skill was involved in playing
the purely chance-based game. In Experiment 3, the methodology of Experiment 1 was replicated incorporating a skill measure.
The results of this experiment mirrored those of Experiment 2. Results of these investigations are discussed in terms of control
theory.
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Paul M. BinerEmail: |
173.
174.
Barry V. Johnston 《Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences》1987,23(2):103-122
Pitirim Sorokin is known as both a pioneer and outcast in the history of American sociology. A Russian emigré with a bruising and combative intellectual style, he was increasingly treated as a pariah by the sociological community. Yet in 1963 he won the presidency of the American Sociological Association by a landslide. Otis Dudley Duncan and the Committee of Eight implemented on his behalf the first successful write-in campaign in the history of the Association. This event put Sorokin in the presidency and significantly changed the electoral processes and politics of the Association. How this came to be so constitutes the focus of this paper. 相似文献
175.
Derek W Johnston Marie Johnston Beth Pollard Ann-Louise Kinmonth David Mant 《Health psychology》2004,23(5):533-538
Perceived behavioral control (PBC) and intention, the proximal predictors from the theory of planned behavior (TPB), were used to predict cardiovascular risk behaviors in 597 patients 1 year after diagnosis with coronary heart disease. The outcome measures were self-report measures of exercise plus objective measures of fitness (distance walked in 6 min) and cotinine-confirmed smoking cessation. In multivariate analyses incorporating both PBC and intention, PBC predicted exercise, distance walked, and smoking cessation, but intention was not a reliable independent predictor of any health behavior measured. Thus, the effective theoretical component of the TPB was PBC. Similar predictions could derive from social-cognitive theory. In coronary patients, behavioral change needs to address issues of action implementation rather than motivational factors alone. 相似文献
176.
Lucy Johnston Miles Hewstone Louise Pendry Clive Frankish 《European journal of social psychology》1994,24(2):237-265
Three experiments investigating the effects of cognitive and motivational factors on stereotype change are reported. Trait ratings in all three experiments showed there to be greater stereotype-change when stereotype-inconsistent information was dispersed across many group members than when it was concentrated in only a few. A sorting task (Experiment 1) indicated that, in the concentrated conditions the stereotype disconfirmers were more strongly isolated from the rest of the group than in the dispersed conditions. Free recall protocols (Experiment 2) showed greater memory for the target exemplars when subjects anticipated interaction with a group member than when no interaction was anticipated. The questions subject chose to ask target group exemplars were also influenced by anticlpated future interaction. Subjects chose more stereotype-inconsistent questions when interactian was anticipated than when no interaction was anticipated. Experment 3 showed the impact of stereotype-inconsistent information to be greater when expectancies for the stereotyped group are weaker A cued-recall task yielded evidence of spontaneous subtyping. All these studies support the subtyping model, even in the presence of cognitive and motivational factors that might be expected to impede stereotype change. 相似文献
177.
The authors introduce the special feature on faculty development in higher education. They discuss some of the ways in which people from the helping professions can not only contribute to faculty development but also take the lead in creating supportive programs for faculty on college campuses. 相似文献
178.
The Wakonse Conference on College Teaching 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Joseph A. Johnston Barbara A. Kerr William B. Bondeson Robert N. Hansen Charles D. Claiborn 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1994,72(5):480-484
A Wakonse Conference on College Teaching is a week-long retreat that provides renewal and support for college teaching. Offered in a secluded environment away from campus, it engages faculty from various colleges in demonstration and discussion of what makes teaching effective and rewarding. Wakonse is a grassroots movement within the academy to bring teaching to the forefront and make it central to the mission of higher education. Support for what makes Wakonse effective can be found in much of the student development literature. 相似文献
179.
Abel and Annon's (Reducing deviant sexual arousal through satisfaction, Denver, Colo., 1982) suggested combination of 'directed masturbation' and 'satiation' to alter deviant sexual preferences, was applied to 10 nonfamilial child molesters. Post-treatment assessments revealed significant reductions in deviant arousal as was expected, but unfortunately there were also reductions in appropriate arousal although these changes did not achieve statistical significance. The results are discussed in terms of their meaning but it is concluded that empirical support for these clinically popular procedures remains weak. 相似文献
180.
The reported study compared change in stereotypic perceptions of homogeneous and heterogeneous groups, when subjects were presented with a pattern of stereotype-inconsistent information that was either concentrated in two extreme group members or dispersed across six members. Results pro vided some support for the ‘conversion’ model (in which stereotypes change in response to salient instances) in the case of a homogeneous group, where stereotypical responding was lower in concentrated than dispersed conditions. In the heterogeneous-group conditions, there was no effect of pattern. In addition, subjects' estimates of stereotype-consistent information were higher, and of inconsistent information were lower, and they perceived more members as typical, and fewer as atypical, when the target group was heterogeneous versus homogeneous. There was also support for the ‘subtyping’ model (in which disconfirming individuals are isolated from other group members) in the concentrated conditions. A theoretical account of these findings is given in terms of stereotype change via salience for homogeneous groups, and the need to integrate research on cognitive models of stereotype change and perceived group variability. 相似文献