排序方式: 共有23条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
21.
Although a lot of research has been developed during the last century in the field of human work design, the results seem to be unsatisfactory. Nowadays, there is renewed interest in this field but it is not producing any new results. This is the main reason why, in our investigation, we have tried to determine the real variables that truly affect the human work design. We have carried out two empirical researches involving 660 and 310 companies, obtaining from both exactly the same results, four factors that confirm the conclusions reached in previous research: demand-adaptation, flexibility-polyvalence, improvement-autonomy and conciliation-participation. We can add that these factors are independent from the environment and the type of technology used by the companies, which does not occur if the size of the enterprise is taken into account. 相似文献
22.
Swanson JM Kinsbourne M Nigg J Lanphear B Stefanatos GA Volkow N Taylor E Casey BJ Castellanos FX Wadhwa PD 《Neuropsychology review》2007,17(1):39-59
Multiple theories of Attention-Deficit/Hyper- activity Disorder (ADHD) have been proposed, but one that has stood the test
of time is the dopamine deficit theory. We review the narrow literature from recent brain imaging and molecular genetic studies
that has improved our understanding of the role of dopamine in manifestation of symptoms of ADHD, performance deficits on
neuropsychological tasks, and response to stimulant medication that constitutes the most common treatment of this disorder.
First, we consider evidence of the presence of dopamine deficits based on the recent literature that (1) confirms abnormalities in dopamine-modulated frontal-striatal circuits, reflected
by size (smaller-than-average components) and function (hypoactivation); (2) clarifies the agonist effects of stimulant medication
on dopaminergic mechanisms at the synaptic and circuit level of analysis; and (3) challenges the most-widely accepted ADHD-related
neural abnormality in the dopamine system (higher-than-normal dopamine transporter [DAT] density). Second, we discuss possible
genetic etiologies of dopamine deficits based on recent molecular genetic literature, including (1) multiple replications that confirm the association of ADHD with
candidate genes related to the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) and the DAT; (2) replication of differences in performance of neuropsychological
tasks as a function of the DRD4 genotype; and (3) multiple genome-wide linkage scans that demonstrate the limitations of this
method when applied to complex disorders but implicate additional genes that may contribute to the genetic basis of ADHD.
Third, we review possible environmental etiologies of dopamine deficits based on recent studies of (1) toxic substances that may affect the dopamine system in early development and contribute substantially
to the etiology of ADHD; (2) fetal adaptations in dopamine systems in response to stress that may alter early development
with lasting effects, as proposed by the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis; and (3) gene-environment
interactions that may moderate selective damage or adaptation of dopamine neurons. Based on these reviews, we identify critical
issues about etiologic subtypes of ADHD that may involve dopamine, discuss methods that could be used to address these issues,
and review old and new theories that may direct research in this area in the future. 相似文献
23.
Diego MA Field T Hernandez-Reif M Shaw JA Rothe EM Castellanos D Mesner L 《Adolescence》2002,37(147):597-607
Seventeen aggressive adolescents were randomly assigned to a massage therapy group or a relaxation therapy group to receive 20-minute therapy sessions, twice a week for five weeks. The massaged adolescents had lower anxiety after the first and last sessions. By the end of the study, they also reported feeling less hostile and they were perceived by their parents as being less aggressive. Significant differences were not found for the adolescents who were assigned to the relaxation group. 相似文献