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141.
Bellissimo MI Kouzmine I Ferro MM de Oliveira BH Canteras NS Da Cunha C 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2004,82(2):150-158
Adult male Wistar rats with a substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) lesion induced by intranigral administration of 1 micromol 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) were used as a model of early phase Parkinson's disease (PD). This lesion caused a partial depletion of striatal dopamine (DA). The animals were submitted to a spatial working memory version of the water maze task in which they had to find a hidden (submersed) platform using online-maintained information that the platform remains in the same place during four consecutive trials, but that it is moved to another place every training day. Left, but not right SNc-lesioned rats were impaired in finding the platform in the second trial. This result suggests that the left SNc plays a key role in spatial working memory. Control experiments ruled out the possibility that motor impairment, sensory neglect, and/or impairment in the mental representation of the contralateral spatial environment had affected performance of the SNc-lesioned rats. 相似文献
142.
Lawler CP Croen LA Grether JK Van de Water J 《Mental retardation and developmental disabilities research reviews》2004,10(4):292-302
The potential role of environmental factors in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is an area of emerging interest within the public and scientific communities. The high degree of heritability of ASD suggests that environmental influences are likely to operate through their interaction with genetic susceptibility during vulnerable periods of development. Evaluation of the plausibility of specific neurotoxicants as etiological agents in ASD should be guided by toxicological principles, including dose-effect dependency and pharmacokinetic parameters. Clinical and epidemiological investigations require the use of sufficiently powered study designs with appropriate control groups and unbiased case ascertainment and exposure assessment. Although much of the existing data that have been used to implicate environmental agents in ASD are limited by methodological shortcomings, a number of efforts are underway that will allow more rigorous evaluation of the role of environmental exposures in the etiology and/or phenotypic expression of the disorder. Surveillance systems are now in place that will provide reliable prevalence estimates going forward in time. Anticipated discoveries in genetics, brain pathology, and the molecular/cellular basis of functional impairment in ASD are likely to provide new opportunities to explore environmental aspects of this disorder. 相似文献
143.
Joerden JC 《Science and engineering ethics》2004,10(1):65-72
This article considers issues concerning cases where the use of placebo is lawful or is not lawful under aspects of German
criminal law. It will differentiate between cases of individual therapy and cases of supervised experiments within the scope
of medical tests. Thereby, it reveals that a medication of placebo with regard to an individual patient seems to be lawful
if there is no alternative possibility of a better treatment using a chemically effective medicine and if the limits of presumed
consent are complied with. On the other hand, in the context of the supervised experiment, the assignment of a patient to
a group treated with placebo is only lawful if the patient has been fully informed about the possibilities of a treatment
and if the patient has given consent to it.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an international conference, “Placebo: Its Action and Place in Health Research
Today,” held in Warsaw, Poland on 12–13 April, 2003.
The author’s interests include International Criminal Law, Comparative Criminal Law and Philosophy of Law. 相似文献
144.
Three experiments were conducted examining unimodal and crossmodal effects of attention to motion. Horizontally moving sounds
and dot patterns were presented and participants’ task was to discriminate their motion speed or whether they were presented
with a brief gap. In Experiments 1 and 2, stimuli of one modality and of one direction were presented with a higher probability
( p = .7) than other stimuli. Sounds and dot patterns moving in the expected direction were discriminated faster than stimuli
moving in the unexpected direction. In Experiment 3, participants had to respond only to stimuli moving in one direction within
the primary modality, but to all stimuli regardless of their direction within the rarer secondary modality. Stimuli of the
secondary modality moving in the attended direction were discriminated faster than were oppositely moving stimuli. Results
suggest that attending to the direction of motion affects perception within vision and audition, but also across modalities. 相似文献
145.
The authors examined the links between two dimensions that have been useful in understanding cross-cultural differences and similarities, namely, individualism-collectivism (I-C) and value orientations. The authors examined the relations and parallels between the two variables by directly relating them and examining the patterns of relations that both have with a third variable, religiosity. Participants were 475 college students from the Philippines, the United States, and Turkey who responded to measures of horizontal and vertical I-C, value orientations, and religiosity. The authors found partial support for the parallels between I-C and value types, particularly for collectivism and conservative values. Moreover, religiosity was associated positively with conservative values and collectivism, across all three cultures. The authors found individualism to also relate to openness-to-change values, though the patterns were not as consistent as those that they found between collectivism and conservation. Differences and similarities emerged in links of I-C-values to religiosity across the three samples. 相似文献
146.
de Brugada I Hall G Symonds M 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》2004,30(1):58-66
In 2 experiments, rats received flavor-aversion conditioning in which the unconditioned stimulus (US) was an orally consumed solution of lithium chloride (LiCl). The resulting aversion was not attenuated by giving preexposure to injections of LiCl, although such preexposure did attenuate aversions established using injected LiCl as the US (Experiment 1). This outcome suggests that blocking by injection-related cues is responsible for the US-preexposure effect observed in this situation. Experiment 2 confirmed this interpretation by showing that presenting such cues (by giving an injection of saline) at the time that the LiCl was drunk resulted in an attenuation of conditioning in animals preexposed to injections of LiCl. The US-preexposure effect obtained in these experiments can be explained solely in terms of blocking by injection cues, although other mechanisms may contribute to the effect seen in other flavor-aversion paradigms. 相似文献
147.
148.
Zusammenfassung Der Artikel konstrastiert familiäre Lebensrealitäten und familiäre Idealvorstellungen miteinander. Für Patienten, bei denen beide weit auseinander klaffen, werden Anregungen für die Dekonstruktion selbstquälerischer Familienideale in der Psychotherapie entwickelt. Als potenziell unglücklich machend werden Familienideale beschrieben, nach denen Kinder (nur) eine Familie und Familien (nur) ein Heim brauchen; dass Familien gemeinsam verbrachte Zeit, Söhne ihre Väter und überhaupt Kinder heterosexuelle Eltern bräuchten; dass Eltern einander lieben und ihre Kinder bei sich behalten sollten; dass Kinder sich von ihren Eltern ablösen sollten. Als psychotherapeutisch nützlich werden aus Familiensoziologie und systemischer Psychotherapie die Ideen der Wahlverwandtschaft, der konsensentlasteten Diskurse und der systemischen Selbstbeobachtung empfohlen, ferner als therapeutische Techniken die zirkulären Fragen, speziell Verschlimmerungsfragen und die positive Umdeutung. Die Konstruktion neuer Rituale und die Nutzung von Netzwerkressourcen stehen am Ende der Untersuchung.Überarbeitete Fassung des Eröffnungsvortrags der Lübecker Psychotherapiewoche, 17.10.1999. 相似文献
149.
Matthias?RoseEmail author R.?Lohmann G.?Danzer Wolfgang?Herzog Burghard?F.?Klapp 《Psychotherapeut》2004,49(2):148-154
Ohne ZusammenfassungDie Autoren M. Rose und R. Lohmann zeichnen für den Beitrag als gleichberechtigte Erstautoren. 相似文献
150.
A six-factor structure of personality-descriptive adjectives: solutions from psycholexical studies in seven languages 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Ashton MC Lee K Perugini M Szarota P de Vries RE Di Blas L Boies K De Raad B 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2004,86(2):356-366
Standard psycholexical studies of personality structure have produced a similar 6-factor solution in 7 languages (Dutch, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Korean, Polish). The authors report the content of these personality dimensions and interpret them as follows: (a) a variant of Extraversion, defined by sociability and liveliness (though not by bravery and toughness); (b) a variant of Agreeableness, defined by gentleness, patience, and agreeableness (but also including anger and ill temper at its negative pole); (c) Conscientiousness (emphasizing organization and discipline rather than moral conscience); (d) Emotionality (containing anxiety, vulnerability, sentimentality, lack of bravery, and lack of toughness, but not anger or ill temper); (e) Honesty-Humility; (f) Intellect/Imagination/Unconventionality. A potential reorganization of the Big Five factor structure is discussed. 相似文献