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171.
建构水平理论认为,人们对心理上远距离(如远期过去)的客体或事件的表征倾向于采用高水平建构,而对心理上近距离(如近期过去)的客体或事件的表征倾向于采用低水平建构。本研究以特质性和行动性行为描述句子为实验材料,通过两个实验考察了过去时间距离对自我正性行为和负性行为的表征特征的影响。实验结果发现:(1)相对于近期过去,被试对远期过去自我的正性行为更倾向于特质性表征,但在负性行为上未获得明确的类似效应;(2)相对于远期过去的自我行为,个体对近期过去的自我行为倾向于负性表征,提示被试对近期过去自我的满意度较低和对未来自我提升的心理期待。 相似文献
172.
心理距离的建构水平理论认为,人与人之间的亲密度具有心理距离特性(即社会距离),人们对心理上远距离的客体或事件的表征倾向于采用高水平建构,而对心理上近距离的客体或事件的表征倾向于采用低水平建构。本研究以特质性和行动性行为描述句子为实验材料,通过两个实验考察了社会距离(亲密舍友/公选课上认识的同性同学)对他人正性和负性行为评价的影响,以探讨评价内容效价对于建构水平的心理距离效应的调节作用。实验结果发现:(1)随着社会距离的延伸,被试对社会远距离他人的正性行为更倾向于高水平的特质性表征,但在负性行为上未获得明确的类似效应;(2)相对于社会远距离他人,被试对社会近距离他人正性行为和负性行为的评价分数均较高,提示人际熟悉度对他人行为的表征具有一定的调节作用。 相似文献
173.
Chu Kim‐Prieto Lizabeth A. Goldstein Sumie Okazaki Blake Kirschner 《Journal of applied social psychology》2010,40(3):534-553
Numerous findings have documented the adverse effects of stereotypes on those negatively portrayed by the stereotypes. Less is known about the ramifications of stereotype exposure on those who are not the objects of the stereotypic depictions. Two studies examined the effect of exposure to an American Indian sports mascot on the stereotype endorsement of a different minority group. Study 1 used an unobtrusive prime, while Study 2 used a more engaged prime. Study 2 also investigated the effect among those unfamiliar with the controversy regarding American Indian sports mascots. Results from both studies show that participants primed with an American Indian sports mascot increased their stereotyping of a different ethnic minority group. 相似文献
174.
在基因科技的革命性发展过程中,整体社会似乎未能提供一个充分保障研究参与者与科学研究之完整性的机制。以台湾面临基因检测之挑战的经验为例,探讨了伦理、法律与社会意涵(Ethical,Legal and Social Implications,ELSI)研究如何完善规范体制的实务应用需求,并兼顾人权团体所期待的妥善保护研究参与者。 相似文献
175.
On The Exchange of Hostility With Supervisors: An Examination of Self‐Enhancing and Self‐Defeating Perspectives
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Bennett J. Tepper Marie S. Mitchell Dana L. Haggard Ho Kwong Kwan Hee‐man Park 《Personnel Psychology》2015,68(4):723-758
We invoke competing theoretical perspectives to examine the consequences for subordinates of involvement in relationships that vary in terms of downward hostility (i.e., hostility enacted by supervisors against direct reports) and upward hostility (i.e., hostility enacted by subordinates against immediate supervisors). Consistent with the perspective that targets of downward hostility are less likely to see themselves as victims when they perform acts of upward hostility, analysis of 2‐wave data from a sample of supervised employees suggested that upward hostility weakens the deleterious effects of downward hostility on subordinates’ job satisfaction, affective commitment, and psychological distress. Study 2 directly examined the presumed mechanism that underlies the effects observed in Study 1. In a 3‐wave sample, support was found for a moderated‐indirect effect framework in which the indirect effects of downward hostility on subordinates’ attitudes and psychological distress (through victim identity) were weaker when upward hostility was higher. Study 2 results also suggested that the enhancing effect of upward hostility generalizes to subjective indicators of career satisfaction and future career expectations. 相似文献
176.
We sometimes decide to take an offered option that results in apparent loss (e.g., unpaid overtime). Mainstream decision theory does not predict or explain this as a choice we want to make, whereas such a choice has long been described and highly regarded by the traditional Chinese dogma “吃亏是福” (suffering a loss is good fortune). To explore what makes the dogma work, we developed a celebrity anecdote‐based scale to measure “Chikui” (suffering a loss) likelihood and found that:(i) people with higher scores on the Chikui Likelihood Scale (CLS) were more likely to report higher scores on subjective well‐being and the Socioeconomic Index for the present and (ii) the current Socioeconomic Index could be positively predicted not only by current CLS scores but also by retrospective CLS scores recalled for the past, and the predictive effect was enhanced with increasing time intervals. Our findings suggest that “suffering a loss is good fortune” is not a myth but a certain reality. © 2017 The Authors Journal of Behavioral Decision Making Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 相似文献
177.
178.
Elaine J. Francis Stephen Matthews Reace Wing Yan Wong Stella Wing Man Kwan 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》2011,40(1):1-28
Verb-doubling, where a copy of the main verb occurs both before and after the direct object, is a structure commonly used
in Chinese in sentences containing a frequency or duration phrase. In Cantonese, verb-doubling is highly optional and therefore
problematic for existing syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic accounts of its distribution in Mandarin. The current study investigates
the role of grammatical weight and syntactic priming in the choice of verb-doubling in Cantonese. Following (Hawkins in Efficiency
and complexity in grammars, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2004) theory of efficiency and complexity in grammars, we hypothesized
that speakers would choose verb-doubling over the canonical structure more often when the object NP was heavy, in order to
minimize processing domains. In addition, we expected an effect of syntactic priming whereby the choice of structure is influenced
by a previously encountered structure. The results of two elicited production experiments revealed no weight-based preference
for verb-doubling, and only minor effects of grammatical weight, but clear effects of syntactic priming: (1) for both canonical
primes and verb-doubling primes, speakers tended to repeat previously heard structures; (2) the priming effect was just as
strong in the heavy NP condition, where speakers made more errors recalling the semantic content of the sentence, suggesting
that semantic information is represented separately from syntactic information; (3) the priming effect was stronger for informationally
accurate responses, suggesting that recently activated structures are easier to produce than other structures under conditions
of increased cognitive load. We conclude that the choice between verb-doubling and canonical structure in Cantonese is easily
influenced by the structure of recently encountered sentences, with weight effects, if any, being more difficult to detect. 相似文献
179.
The primary objective of this study was to examine, based on a model of spurned helpers’ reactions: (a) the degrees to which
kindergarten teachers in Hong Kong, China, experienced recurrent rejections of their offers of help (being spurned) by peer
teachers; (b) whether being spurned by peers would induce depersonalization; (c) the ways teachers with higher or lower self-esteem
coped with recurrent rejection; and (d) effects of coping in reducing depersonalization. A sample of serving kindergarten
teachers in Hong Kong participated in the study. Their levels of self-esteem were first measured. Five months afterwards the
extent to which they were spurned by their peers and the way they coped with such rejections were assessed. Another 5 months
later the degrees to which they experienced depersonalization were measured. The results showed (a) that the teachers were
fairly spurned; (b) that the more spurned the teachers were, the more depersonalized they were towards their peers; and (c)
teachers with higher self-esteem and teachers with lower self-esteem coped with being spurned in different ways. The findings
suggest that kindergarten teachers should be aware of recurrent rejection of their offers of help by peer workers and also
the adverse effects of such rejection, and that administrators should provide training to teachers to assist them to deal
with recurrent rejection of help by peers. 相似文献
180.
Ruth Chu‐Lien Chao 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2012,90(1):35-44
Researchers and practitioners have been pursuing how to enhance counselors' multicultural counseling competencies (MCC). With a sample of 460 counselors, the author examined whether multicultural training changed the relationship between (a) racial/ethnic identity and MCC and (b) gender‐role attitudes and MCC. The author found significant interaction effects of (a) racial/ethnic identity and multicultural training and (b) gender‐role attitudes and multicultural training on multicultural knowledge but not on multicultural awareness. 相似文献