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111.
Cann A Calhoun LG Tedeschi RG Triplett KN Vishnevsky T Lindstrom CM 《Anxiety, stress, and coping》2011,24(2):137-156
Cognitive processes in the aftermath of experiencing a major life stressor play an important role in the impact of the event on the person. Intrusive thoughts about the event are likely to be associated with continued distress, while deliberate rumination, aimed at understanding and problem-solving, should be predictive of posttraumatic growth (PTG). The Event Related Rumination Inventory (ERRI), designed to measure these two styles of rumination, is described and validation information is provided. Using a college student sample screened for having experienced highly stressful life events, data were obtained (N=323) to conduct an exploratory factor analysis that supported the two factors of the ERRI. Separate confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) on two additional samples (Ns=186 and 400) supported a two-factor model. The two ERRI factors were validated by comparison with related variables and by assessing their contributions to predicting distress and PTG in two samples (Ns=198 and 202) that had been combined to conduct the second CFA. Data indicate the ERRI has solid psychometric properties, captures variance not measured by stable differences in cognitive styles, and the separate factors are related to posttraumatic distress and growth as predicted by existing models of PTG. 相似文献
112.
Stronger neural dynamics capture changes in infants' visual working memory capacity over development
Visual working memory (VWM) capacity has been studied extensively in adults, and methodological advances have enabled researchers to probe capacity limits in infancy using a preferential looking paradigm. Evidence suggests that capacity increases rapidly between 6 and 10 months of age. To understand how the VWM system develops, we must understand the relationship between the looking behavior used to study VWM and underlying cognitive processes. We present a dynamic neural field model that captures both real-time and developmental processes underlying performance. Three simulation experiments show how looking is linked to VWM processes during infancy and how developmental changes in performance could arise through increasing neural connectivity. These results provide insight into the sources of capacity limits and VWM development more generally. 相似文献
113.
114.
Robinson OJ Letkiewicz AM Overstreet C Ernst M Grillon C 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2011,11(2):217-227
Individuals with anxiety disorders demonstrate altered cognitive performance including (1) cognitive biases towards negative
stimuli (affective biases) and (2) increased cognitive rigidity (e.g., impaired conflict adaptation) on affective Stroop tasks.
Threat of electric shock is frequently used to induce anxiety in healthy individuals, but the extent to which this manipulation
mimics the cognitive impairment seen in anxiety disorders is unclear. In this study, 31 healthy individuals completed an affective
Stroop task under safe and threat-of-shock conditions. We showed that threat (1) enhanced aversive processing and abolished
a positive affective bias but (2) had no effect on conflict adaptation. Threat of shock thus partially models the effects
of anxiety disorders on affective Stroop tasks. We suggest that the affective state of anxiety—which is common to both threat
and anxiety disorders—modulates the neural inhibition of subcortical aversive processing, whilst pathologies unique to anxiety
disorders modulate conflict adaptation. 相似文献
115.
The present study addresses the relationship between linguistic and non-linguistic spatial representations. In three experiments
we probe spatial language and spatial memory at the same time points in the task sequence. Experiments 1 and 2 show analogous
delay-dependent biases in spatial language and spatial memory. Experiment 3 extends this correspondence, showing that additional
perceptual structure along the vertical axis reduces delay-dependent effects in both tasks. These results indicate that linguistic
and non-linguistic spatial systems depend on shared underlying representational processes. In addition, we also address how
these delay-dependent biases can arise within a single theoretical framework without positing differing prototypes for linguistic
and non-linguistic spatial systems. 相似文献
116.
We examined the relations between parental interpersonal sensitivity and youth social problems and explored the mediational
role of child emotion dysregulation. Mothers (N = 42; M age = 39.38) and fathers (N = 41; M age = 39.38) of youth aged 7–12 (N = 42; M age = 9.12) completed measures of their own interpersonal sensitivity and reported on their child’s emotion regulation skills
and social functioning. Maternal interpersonal sensitivity was positively associated with child social problems, and this
relationship was fully mediated by child emotion dysregulation. A bootstrapping technique provided evidence for the significance
of the mediation. For fathers, only the association between child emotion dysregulation and child social problems was significant.
Our findings suggest one potential mechanism through which maternal behaviors relate to youth psychosocial functioning. Identification
of such mechanisms contributes to the development of conceptual models of youth functioning and suggests specific targets
for prevention and intervention efforts. 相似文献
117.
In the present study, orthographic metrics for Greek children’s Grade 1 and Grade 2 reading materials were presented. Data
for five transparency metrics—three of which being neither feedforward nor feedbackward— were presented and offered for use
in the research of children’s reading and spelling acquisition. The analysis demonstrated the complex relationships between
metrics and compared the results with those obtained for the English language. The structure of these metrics from a variety
of corpus sizes was investigated, and we concluded that large corpus sizes do not necessarily make a substantial contribution
to the value of such metrics when compared with smaller samples. 相似文献
118.
Bringing automatic stereotyping under control: implementation intentions as efficient means of thought control 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The evidence for whether intentional control strategies can reduce automatic stereotyping is mixed. Therefore, the authors tested the utility of implementation intentions- specific plans linking a behavioral opportunity to a specific response-in reducing automatic bias. In three experiments, automatic stereotyping was reduced when participants made an intention to think specific counterstereotypical thoughts whenever they encountered a Black individual. The authors used two implicit tasks and process dissociation analysis, which allowed them to separate contributions of automatic and controlled thinking to task performance. Of importance, the reduction in stereotyping was driven by a change in automatic stereotyping and not controlled thinking. This benefit was acquired with little practice and generalized to novel faces. Thus, implementation intentions may be an effective and efficient means for controlling automatic aspects of thought. 相似文献
119.
Two experiments were conducted to examine the performance of normal adults, normal children, and children diagnosed with central auditory dysfunction presumed to involve the interhemispheric pathways on a dichotic digits test in common clinical use for the diagnosis of central auditory processing disorder (CAPD) and its corresponding visual analog. Results of the first experiment revealed a significant right ear advantage (REA) for the dichotic listening task and a left-visual-field advantage (LVFA) for the corresponding visual analog in normal adults and children. In the second experiment, results revealed a significantly larger REA in the children with CAPD as compared to the normal children. Results also revealed a reversed cerebral asymmetry (RVFA) for the children with CAPD on the visual task. Significant cross-modal correlations suggest that the two tasks may reflect, at least in part, similar interhemispheric processing mechanisms in children. Findings are discussed in relation to differential diagnosis and modality-specificity of CAPD. 相似文献
120.
Shiels K Hawk LW Lysczek CL Tannock R Pelham WE Spencer SV Gangloff BP Waschbusch DA 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(6):903-913
Working memory is one of several putative core neurocognitive processes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
The present work seeks to determine whether visual–spatial working memory is sensitive to motivational incentives, a laboratory
analogue of behavioral treatment. Participants were 21 children (ages 7–10) with a diagnosis of ADHD-combined type. Participants
completed a computerized spatial span task designed to assess storage of visual–spatial information (forward span) and manipulation
of the stored information (backward span). The spatial span task was completed twice on the same day, once with a performance-based
incentive (trial-wise feedback and points redeemable for prizes) and once without incentives. Participants performed significantly
better on the backward span when rewarded for correct responses, compared to the no incentive condition. However, incentives
had no effect on performance during the forward span. These findings may suggest the use of motivational incentives improved
manipulation, but not storage, of visual–spatial information among children with ADHD. Possible explanations for the differential
incentive effects are discussed, including the possibility that incentives prevented a vigilance decrement as task difficulty
and time on task increased. 相似文献