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131.
Spatial representation of pitch height: the SMARC effect 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Through the preferential pairing of response positions to pitch, here we show that the internal representation of pitch height is spatial in nature and affects performance, especially in musically trained participants, when response alternatives are either vertically or horizontally aligned. The finding that our cognitive system maps pitch height onto an internal representation of space, which in turn affects motor performance even when this perceptual attribute is irrelevant to the task, extends previous studies on auditory perception and suggests an interesting analogy between music perception and mathematical cognition. Both the basic elements of mathematical cognition (i.e. numbers) and the basic elements of musical cognition (i.e. pitches), appear to be mapped onto a mental spatial representation in a way that affects motor performance. 相似文献
132.
Daniel W. King Casey Taft Lynda A. King Charity Hammond Erika R. Stone 《Journal of applied social psychology》2006,36(12):2980-2992
This study examined the nature of the association between social support and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology among 2,249 male veterans of the 1990‐1991 Gulf War. Using structural equation modeling, a cross‐lagged panel analysis indicated a strong negative relationship between PTSD at Time 1 and social support at Time 2, while social support at Time 1 did not predict PTSD at Time 2. Findings suggest that, over time, interpersonal problems associated with PTSD may have a detrimental influence on the quality and quantity of available social support resources. It is recommended that greater focus be placed on the interpersonal skills of those suffering from PTSD. 相似文献
133.
134.
Prolonged institutional rearing is associated with atypically large amygdala volume and difficulties in emotion regulation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nim Tottenham Todd A. Hare Brian T. Quinn Thomas W. McCarry Marcella Nurse Tara Gilhooly Alexander Millner Adriana Galvan Matthew C. Davidson Inge-Marie Eigsti Kathleen M. Thomas Peter J. Freed Elizabeth S. Booma Megan R. Gunnar Margaret Altemus Jane Aronson B.J. Casey 《Developmental science》2010,13(1):46-61
Early adversity, for example poor caregiving, can have profound effects on emotional development. Orphanage rearing, even in the best circumstances, lies outside of the bounds of a species-typical caregiving environment. The long-term effects of this early adversity on the neurobiological development associated with socio-emotional behaviors are not well understood. Seventy-eight children, who include those who have experienced orphanage care and a comparison group, were assessed. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to measure volumes of whole brain and limbic structures (e.g. amygdala, hippocampus). Emotion regulation was assessed with an emotional go-nogo paradigm, and anxiety and internalizing behaviors were assessed using the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders, the Child Behavior Checklist, and a structured clinical interview. Late adoption was associated with larger corrected amygdala volumes, poorer emotion regulation, and increased anxiety. Although more than 50% of the children who experienced orphanage rearing met criteria for a psychiatric disorder, with a third having an anxiety disorder, the group differences observed in amygdala volume were not driven by the presence of an anxiety disorder. The findings are consistent with previous reports describing negative effects of prolonged orphanage care on emotional behavior and with animal models that show long-term changes in the amygdala and emotional behavior following early postnatal stress. These changes in limbic circuitry may underlie residual emotional and social problems experienced by children who have been internationally adopted. 相似文献
135.
Beth M. Casey Nicole Andrews Holly Schindler Joanne E. Kersh Alexandra Samper Juanita Copley 《认知与教导》2013,31(3):269-309
This study investigated the use of block-building interventions to develop spatial-reasoning skills in kindergartners. Two intervention conditions and a control condition were included to determine, first, whether the block building activities themselves benefited children's spatial skills, and secondly, whether a story context further improved learning. Spatial measures included: spatial visualization, mental rotation, and block building. Results showed: for block building, interventions within a story context improved performance compared to the other two conditions. For spatial visualization, both types of block-building interventions improved performance compared to the control condition. Findings suggest: (1) storytelling provides an effective context for teaching spatial content, (2) teaching block building develops wider spatial skills, and (3) 3-dimensional mental rotation tasks show a male advantage in kindergartners. 相似文献
136.
Developmental cognitive neuroscience: progress and potential 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Developmental cognitive neuroscience is an evolving field that investigates the relations between neural and cognitive development. Lying at the intersection of diverse disciplines, work in this area promises to shed light on classic developmental questions, mechanisms subserving developmental change, diagnosis and treatment of developmental disorders, and cognitive and neuroscientific topics traditionally considered outside the domain of development. Fundamental questions include: What are the interrelations between developmental changes in the brain (e.g. in connectivity, chemistry, morphology) and developmental changes in children's behavior and cognitive abilities (e.g. representational complexity, ability to sustain selective attention, speed of processing)? Why, and how, is learning enhanced during certain periods in development? How is our knowledge organized, and how does this change with development? We discuss preliminary investigations of such questions and directions for future work. 相似文献
137.
The effect of feedback sign on task performance depends on self-concept discrepancies 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Control theories claim that information about performance is often used by multiple goal systems. A proposition tested here was that performance information can create discrepancies in self-concept goals, directing cognitive resources away from the task goal system. To manipulate performance information, 160 undergraduates were given false positive or false negative normative feedback while working on a task that did or did not require substantial cognitive resources. Half of the participants were then given an opportunity to reaffirm their self-concepts following feedback, whereas half were not. Feedback sign positively related to performance only for those working on the cognitively intense task and not given a chance to reaffirm. Otherwise, feedback sign was negatively related to performance, albeit weakly. 相似文献
138.
This study examines the effects of physical attractiveness and aggression on popularity among high school students. Previous
work has found positive relationships between aggression and popularity and physical attractiveness and popularity. The current
study goes beyond this work by examining the interactive effects of physical attractiveness and aggression on popularity.
Controlling for race and gender, the results indicate that attractive students are seen as more physically and relationally
aggressive than those who are less attractive. We also found that those who are both physically attractive and aggressive
are perceived to be more popular than those without such characteristics. However, the same interaction showed the opposite
effect when predicting sociometric popularity instead of perceived popularity. These results contribute to the understanding
of the differences between those who are well-liked (sociometric popularity) and those who are socially visible (perceived
popularity), and the unique predictors of these two dimensions of status in the peer group. 相似文献
139.
140.
Theresa Teslovich Martijn Mulder Nicholas T. Franklin Erika J. Ruberry Alex Millner Leah H. Somerville Patrick Simen Sarah Durston B. J. Casey 《Developmental science》2014,17(1):59-70
Adolescent decision‐making has been described as impulsive and suboptimal in the presence of incentives. In this study we examined the neural substrates of adolescent decision‐making using a perceptual discrimination task for which small and large rewards were associated with correctly detecting the direction of motion of a cloud of moving dots. Adults showed a reward bias of faster reaction times on trials for which the direction of motion was associated with a large reward. Adolescents, in contrast, were slower to make decisions on trials associated with large rewards. This behavioral pattern in adolescents was paralleled by greater recruitment of fronto‐parietal regions important in representing the accumulation of evidence sufficient for selecting one choice over its alternative and the certainty of that choice. The findings suggest that when large incentives are dependent on performance, adolescents may require more evidence to accumulate prior to responding, to be certain to maximize their gains. Adults, in contrast, appear to be quicker in evaluating the evidence for a decision when primed by rewards. Overall these findings suggest that rather than reacting hastily, adolescents can be incentivized to take more time to make decisions when large rewards are at stake. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at http://youtu.be/1g4F5vzFDl0 相似文献