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191.
Marco Antônio Pereira Teixeira Marúcia Patta Bardagi Maria Célia Pacheco Lassance Mauro de Oliveira Magalhães Maria Eduarda Duarte 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》2012,80(3):680-685
The Career Adapt-Abilities Scale—Brazilian Form (CAASBrazil) consists of four scales which measure concern, control, curiosity, and confidence as psychosocial resources for managing occupational transitions, developmental tasks, and work traumas. Internal consistency estimates for the subscale and total scores ranged from good to excellent. The factor structure was quite similar to the one computed for combined data from 13 countries. CAASBrazil is similar to the International Form, with the exception of two items that were not included in Brazilian version. Concurrent validity evidence was collected relative to personality factors from the Five-Factor Model of Personality. The relationships between career adaptability and personality factors were as predicted. 相似文献
192.
Maria Chiara Passolunghi Silvia Lanfranchi 《The British journal of educational psychology》2012,82(1):42-63
Background. Many contributing factors, both domain specific and domain general, influence children's performance in school achievement. Aims. This research aims to verify the importance of kindergarten measures of cognitive abilities and numerical competence in the role of predicting mathematical school achievement at the end of first grade. Sample and Methods. A total of 70 children (38 females and 32 males) took part in the study. We tested the children at the beginning of their last year of kindergarten (time 1) on the following cognitive abilities: IQ, phonology, counting skills, verbal short‐term memory, visuo‐spatial short‐term memory, working memory, and processing speed. Then, we tested the same children at end of their last year of kindergarten (time 2) on a measure of numerical competence and at the end of their first year of primary school (time 3) on a test of math achievement. Results. Path analysis models revealed the direct influence of working memory and processing speed on predicting numerical competence in pre‐schoolers and the influence of processing speed and verbal IQ on predicting math achievement in first graders. Moreover, this study found a direct link between numerical competence and math achievement. Conclusions. Both domain‐specific and domain‐general factors contribute to determining math achievement at the end of first grade. 相似文献
193.
While infants' ability to discriminate quantities has been extensively studied, showing that this competence is present even in neonates, the ability to compute ordinal relations between magnitudes has received much less attention. Here we show that the ability to represent ordinal information embedded in size-based sequences is apparent at 4months of age, provided that magnitude changes involve increasing relations. Infants in Experiments 1A and 1B discriminated changes in ordinal relations after habituation to ascending sequences, but did not show evidence of discrimination after habituation to descending sequences. In Experiment 2 we replicated this asymmetry in magnitude discrimination even when additional cues known to boost ordinal competence were provided. The presence of an asymmetry between ascending vs. descending order during infancy suggests a developmental continuity in the underlying code used to represent magnitude, whereby the reported addition advantage in children and adults' arithmetic performance emerges. 相似文献
194.
Giovanni Maria Ruggiero Guido Veronese Marco Castiglioni Sandra Sassaroli 《Psychological studies》2011,56(4):368-372
Grandiose states of mind could be an ineffective way to cope with low self-esteem. In fact, it is possible that grandiose
fantasies would tend to induce doubts about personal worth and decrease self-esteem. This study explored whether grandiose
fantasies help to cope with low self-esteem. The self-reported occurrence and unpleasantness of intrusive thoughts regarding
the sense of exclusion, humiliation, and low self-esteem in non-clinical individuals were assessed during self-induced grandiose
fantasies and self-induced relaxation. The occurrence and unpleasantness of low self-esteem intrusions were significantly
higher during grandiose fantasies, suggesting that grandiose fantasy is ineffective at combating low self-esteem. 相似文献
195.
To assess associations between social relationships and consultation for symptoms of depression, data from a representative sample of 2,811 French-speaking community-dwelling older adults in Québec were used. Less than half of the older adults meeting DSM criteria for depression (N = 379; 47.1%) had sought consultation about their depression-relevant symptoms in the preceding 12 months. Having a cohabitant partner or having children were not associated with frequency of consultation for women. Men without a partner tended to consult more frequently than men with a cohabiting partner (OR = 2.5; 95% CI = 0.81, 7.88). None of the men without a confidant had consulted. Among the 67 men with a confidant, consultation was more frequent among those not cohabiting with a partner (70%) than among those with a cohabiting partner (46%). The influence of social relationships on consultation for depression differed in men and women in this population of depressed elderly people in Québec. 相似文献
196.
Maria van der Schaar 《Synthese》2011,180(3):391-417
The notion of cognitive act is of importance for an epistemology that is apt for constructive type theory, and for epistemology
in general. Instead of taking knowledge attributions as the primary use of the verb ‘to know’ that needs to be given an account
of, and understanding a first-person knowledge claim as a special case of knowledge attribution, the account of knowledge
that is given here understands first-person knowledge claims as the primary use of the verb ‘to know’. This means that a cognitive
act is an act that counts as cognitive from a first-person point of view. The method of linguistic phenomenology is used to
explain or elucidate our epistemic notions. One of the advantages of the theory is that an answer can be given to some of
the problems in modern epistemology, such as the Gettier problem. 相似文献
197.
Two experiments examined the role of numerical distance in updating numerical information in working memory. In the first
experiment, participants had to memorize a new number only when it was smaller than a previously memorized number. In the
second experiment, updating was based on an external signal, which removed the need to perform any numerical comparison. In
both experiments, distance between the memorized number and the new one was manipulated. The results showed that smaller distances
between the new and the old information led to shorter updating times. This graded facilitation suggests that the process
by which information is substituted in the focus of attention involves maintaining the shared features between the new and
the old number activated and selecting other new features to be activated. Thus, the updating cost may be related to amount
of new features to be activated in the focus of attention. 相似文献
198.
Disambiguating Information and Memory Resources in Children’s Processing of Italian Relative Clauses
We investigated the role of number agreement on verb and of animacy in the comprehension of subject and object relative clauses
in 51 monolingual Italian-speaking children, mean age 9:33, tested through a self-paced listening experiment with a final comprehension question. A digit span test and a listening span test were also administered to examine the role of memory in comprehension. Subject relative clauses were easier to comprehend
than object relative clauses; animacy of the relative clause head improved comprehension of object relative clauses; memory,
as measured by the digit span test, modulates comprehension of object relative clauses, both with animate and inanimate heads,
as shown in response accuracy. Although all children process number agreement morphology on the verb, only some perform a
correct reanalysis, as shown by the accuracy measures. We argue that number agreement disambiguation is particularly taxing
for children, as it provides a negative symptom in the sense of Fodor and Inoue (J Psycholinguist Res 29(1):25–36, 2000) and reanalysis requires them to hold two dependencies in memory. 相似文献
199.
Deyoung CG Cicchetti D Rogosch FA Gray JR Eastman M Grigorenko EL 《Journal of research in personality》2011,45(4):364-371
The personality trait Openness/Intellect reflects the tendency to be imaginative, curious, perceptive, artistic, and intellectual - all characteristics that involve cognitive exploration. Little is known about the biological basis of Openness/Intellect, but the trait has been linked to cognitive functions of prefrontal cortex, and the neurotransmitter dopamine plays a key role in motivation to explore. The hypothesis that dopamine is involved in Openness/Intellect was supported by examining its association with two genes that are central components of the prefrontal dopaminergic system. In two demographically different samples (children: N = 608; adults: N = 214), variation in the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) and the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene (COMT) predicted Openness/Intellect, as main effects in the child sample and as a gene-gene interaction in adults. 相似文献
200.
Remez RE Dubowski KR Broder RS Davids ML Grossman YS Moskalenko M Pardo JS Hasbun SM 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2011,37(3):968-977
Speech remains intelligible despite the elimination of canonical acoustic correlates of phonemes from the spectrum. A portion of this perceptual flexibility can be attributed to modulation sensitivity in the auditory-to-phonetic projection, although signal-independent properties of lexical neighborhoods also affect intelligibility in utterances composed of words. Three tests were conducted to estimate the effects of exposure to natural and sine-wave samples of speech in this kind of perceptual versatility. First, sine-wave versions of the easy and hard word sets were created, modeled on the speech samples of a single talker. The performance difference in recognition of easy and hard words was used to index the perceptual reliance on signal-independent properties of lexical contrasts. Second, several kinds of exposure produced familiarity with an aspect of sine-wave speech: (a) sine-wave sentences modeled on the same talker; (b) sine-wave sentences modeled on a different talker, to create familiarity with a sine-wave carrier; and (c) natural sentences spoken by the same talker, to create familiarity with the idiolect expressed in the sine-wave words. Recognition performance with both easy and hard sine-wave words improved after exposure only to sine-wave sentences modeled on the same talker. Third, a control test showed that signal-independent uncertainty is a plausible cause of differences in recognition of easy and hard sine-wave words. The conditions of beneficial exposure reveal the specificity of attention underlying versatility in speech perception. 相似文献