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71.
Moritz S Kloss M Jacobsen D Fricke S Cutler C Brassen S Hand I 《Behaviour research and therapy》2005,43(6):811-819
There is conflicting evidence pertaining to whether or not neurocognitive task performance at baseline predicts treatment response in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). In the present study, we administered a set of executive neurocognitive tests with a putative sensitivity for treatment outcome to a sample of 138 OCD patients. Additionally, subjective neurocognitive dysfunction was determined via a questionnaire. All patients participated in a cognitive-behavioural treatment program (CBT). Results showed that responders (n = 73) did not differ from non-responders (n = 65) on any of the parameters except for decreased performance on the delayed alternation test (p < .1, effect size: .61). A subsidiary analysis revealed that slowing on the Trail-Making Test A and an enhanced rate of perserveration errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test predicted poor outcome for the treatment of compulsions. It is concluded that neurocognitive impairment does not represent a reliable early warning sign for non-response to CBT. 相似文献
72.
73.
Beretta A Campbell C Carr TH Huang J Schmitt LM Christianson K Cao Y 《Brain and language》2003,85(1):67-92
The hypothesis that morphological processing is supported by a mental dictionary of stored entries plus a set of mental computations based on rules is examined using event-related fMRI. If a rules-plus-memory model () reflects the actual organization of the language faculty, two distinct patterns of brain activation should be observed for production of German irregular and regular noun and verb inflections. If a connectionist alternative to the rules-and-memory model (, and many others since), which seeks to explain the production of both irregular and regular forms within a single associative memory mechanism, is correct, there should be no neural differentiation between German regular and irregular inflection. The results we report support the existence of substantially differing patterns of activation for regulars vs. irregulars, an outcome that is consistent with the two-component rules-plus-memory account. 相似文献
74.
Robert D. Morgan Carrie L. Winterowd Dale R. Fuqua 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》1999,29(3):203-222
To assess the efficacy of an interpersonal process-oriented and cognitive-behavioral group psychotherapy program, 36 incarcerated male adults were assigned to either a treatment group (n = 20) or a no treatment control group (n = 16). Outcome measures consisted of paper-pencil self-report instruments, institutional behavioral data, and structured interviews with the group therapists (n = 3). Results indicated no significant changes in inmates' level of defensiveness, empathy, or institutional behavior; however, the inmates reported universally positive reactions to the treatment program. The group therapists also perceived the treatment program as efficacious, particularly in fostering a cohesive group atmosphere and increasing inmate responsibility for group leadership. Implications for practice and research are discussed. 相似文献
75.
Much of the conflict in Northern Ireland is based on investments in one of three opposing political futures possible for the region: remaining part of Britain, joining Ireland, or becoming independent. Speculative scenarios describing each of these futures were randomly assigned to equal numbers of Protestant and Catholic undergraduates in Northern Ireland, and their expectations regarding material and civic improvement for their ingroup and peace and reconciliation between the groups were assessed. Two dimensions of religious identity, measured by the Identity and Public subscales of Luhtanen and Crocker's (1992) Collective Self-Esteem Scale (CSES), moderated the differences between groups, but only for their expectations of peace and reconciliation. Stronger expectations of improvement for the ingroup were related to higher scores on the Public subscale, regardless of religion or the political future presented. Thus, group identity had a complex, context-dependent relationship to intergroup conflict. 相似文献
76.
The transition to adulthood presupposes that a developing adolescent acquires a set of characteristics that enables him or
her to perform expected adult behaviors. There is a gap in the literature in identifying these expected behaviors as they
pertain to different cultural and racial groups. To fill this gap, parent-generated indicators of adulthood were studied,
including the beliefs, behaviors, and attitudes that are either common or specific to Anglo and Latino parents. College students
at an urban university in the Los Angeles area were recruited to enlist their parents to complete a questionnaire. Equal numbers
from each ethnic group were surveyed. The results of this study indicate that Anglo participants defined adulthood in terms
of independence significantly more often than Latino participants. Furthermore, Latino participants defined adulthood in terms
of event-related markers, such as marriage, significantly more often than Anglo participants. This research points to the
need to define adulthood in ways that reflect the ethnic diversity of the United States.
The authors express their thanks to Russell Espinoza, Ileana Garoz, Anna Rivera, Sandra Samayoa, Gabriella Chavira, Maria
Hernandez, Angel Lahr, and Kevin Kim for their invaluable assistance. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the
1997 meeting of the Western Psychological Association, Seattle. 相似文献
77.
Gary L. Cates Christopher H. Skinner Carrie E. Watkins Katrina N. Rhymer Stephanie L. McNeill Merilee McCurdy 《Journal of Behavioral Education》1999,9(3-4):177-192
Three experiments were conducted to assess the effects of the interspersing procedure on students' mathematics performance, perceptions of mathematics assignments, and preference for mathematics assignments when more work was added. In Experiment I, college students worked computation problems from two assignments. The control assignment contained 15 three-digit by two-digit problems (3 × 2) and the experimental assignments contained 18 3 × 2 problems and 6 additional interspersed one-digit by one-digit problems (1 × 1). Students then rated the assignments and chose one for homework. Results showed significantly more students preferred (i.e., chose it for homework) the experimental assignment with the additional target (i.e., 3 × 2) and interspersed problems. Furthermore, significantly more students rated this experiment as requiring less effort and being less difficult. Moreover, students' mathematics performance was not affected by the procedure. Experiment II strengthened the internal validity by showing that students did not prefer the experimental assignment because it contained more target problems. Experiment III showed that the interspersing procedure was not powerful enough to extend findings beyond the 20% level (i.e., 40 and 60% more conditions). Results showed how the interspersing procedure could be used to encourage students to choose to do more target computation tasks. Discussion focuses on the applied value of the interspersing procedure and plausible causal mechanisms that may account for current and past findings related to student choice and interspersing brief tasks. 相似文献
78.
Noncontingent escape (NCE) was used to reduce disruptive behavior in 3 children during regularly scheduled speech therapy sessions. Results showed rapid decreases in disruptive behavior and accompanying increases in compliance across children. Findings suggest that speech therapists with little expertise in behavior analysis can effectively implement NCE. 相似文献
79.
Patricia B. Sutker Victor J. Malatesta Albert N. Allain Carrie L. Randall 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1981,3(3):167-177
This study assessed the relationship between sensation seeking measured as a trait variable and drinking behaviors observed unobtrusively in the laboratory. It was hypothesized that high-sensation-seeking subjects would consume more alcohol than low sensation seekers and experience greater enhancement of positive moods and body sensations associated with intoxication. Thirty female and 31 male subjects divided into high- and low-sensation-seeking subgroups participated in an ad libitum drinking situation with the manifest task of taste rating three types of vodka (actually 95% alcohol) or tonic. Dependent variables included beverage consumption, positive/negative mood states, body sensations, breath estimates of blood alcohol levels, and self-rated level of intoxication. All subjects reported feeling the effects of alcohol. Contrary to predictions, high-sensation-seeking subjects neither consumed more alcohol than their low-sensation-seeking counterparts nor drank more alcohol than tonic, Paradoxically, low-sensation-seeking women displayed significantly greater alcohol intake and intoxication than all other groups. Possible explanations for findings were considered as well as the necessity for multimethod assessments of both predictor (i.e., sensation seeking) and criterion (i.e., alcohol consumption) variables across time and situations.This research was supported by Grant Award AA04042-03 from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism to the first and third authors. Special Appreciation is expressed to Anne T. Patsiokas, Susan W. Altman, Victoria Molony-Sinnott, and Pamela J. Thompson for their invaluable assistance in collecting and analyzing the data. 相似文献
80.
M. Leslie Leach 《International journal of psychology》1977,12(1):51-56
Attempts to devise verbal and non-verbal instruments for measuring pictorial depth perception that are different from Hudson's (1960) have resulted in different perceptual demands. Whereas this was recognized by the constructors of non-verbal tests, it was not by those who changed Hudson's question “Which is nearer to the man…?” to “Which is/looks nearer/farther to you… ?”. While the latter question tests simple perception (or interpretation of cues) of pictorial depth, the former tests comprehension of complex pictorial space relations arising from the depth perceived. A verbal instrument that had been devised for testing simple pictorial depth interpretation, equivalent to Jahoda and McGurk's (1974) non-verbal instrument, was tested on Grade 3 Shona children against the hypothesis that the terms “nearer” and “farther” have different lexical markings likely to affect subject's responses. No support was found for the hypothesis, but Opolot's (1976) Grade 3 findings were able to be explained. 相似文献