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701.
To account for voter decision making in initiative elections, we integrate theory and research on public opinion, misinformation, and motivated reasoning. Heuristic and motivated reasoning literatures suggest that voters' preexisting values interact with political sophistication such that politically knowledgeable voters develop systematically distorted empirical beliefs relevant to the initiatives on their ballots. These beliefs, in turn, can predict voting preferences even after controlling for underlying values, regardless of one's political sophistication. These hypotheses were tested using a 2003 voter survey conducted prior to a statewide initiative election that repealed a workplace safety regulation. Results showed that only those voters knowledgeable of key endorsements had initiative-specific beliefs that lined up with their underlying antiregulation values. Also, voters' empirical beliefs had an effect on initiative support even after controlling for prior values, and political sophistication did not moderate this effect. 相似文献
702.
Amy J. Kercher Ronald M. Rapee Carolyn A. Schniering 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(7):903-915
Theories of depression suggest that cognitive and environmental factors may explain the relationship between personality and
depression. This study tested such a model in early adolescence, incorporating neuroticism, stress-generation and negative
automatic thoughts in the development of depressive symptoms. Participants (896 girls, mean age 12.3 years) completed measures
of personality and depressive symptoms, and 12 months later completed measures of depressive symptoms, recent stressors and
negative automatic thoughts. Path analysis supported a model in which neuroticism serves as a distal vulnerability for depression,
conferring a risk of experiencing dependent negative events and negative automatic thoughts, which fully mediate the effect
of neuroticism on later depression. A second path supported a maintenance model for depression in adolescence, with initial
levels of depression predicting dependent negative events, negative automatic thoughts and subsequent depressive symptoms.
Unexpectedly, initial depression was also associated with later independent life events. This study establishes potential mechanisms through which personality contributes to the development of depression
in adolescent girls. 相似文献
703.
Barry Haimson Krista M. Wilkinson Celia Rosenquist Carolyn Ouimet William J. McIlvane 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2009,92(2):245-256
Research reported here concerns neural processes relating to stimulus equivalence class formation. In Experiment 1, two types of word pairs were presented successively to normally capable adults. In one type, the words had related usage in English (e.g., uncle, aunt). In the other, the two words were not typically related in their usage (e.g., wrist, corn). For pairs of both types, event‐related cortical potentials were recorded during and immediately after the presentation of the second word. The obtained waveforms differentiated these two types of pairs. For the unrelated pairs, the waveforms were significantly more negative about 400 ms after the second word was presented, thus replicating the “N400” phenomenon of the cognitive neuroscience literature. In addition, there was a strong positive‐tending wave form difference post‐stimulus presentation (peaked at about 500 ms) that also differentiated the unrelated from related stimulus pairs. In Experiment 2, the procedures were extended to study arbitrary stimulus—stimulus relations established via matching‐to‐sample training. Participants were experimentally näive adults. Sample stimuli (Set A) were trigrams, and comparison stimuli (Sets B, C, D, E, and F) were nonrepresentative forms. Behavioral tests evaluated potentially emergent equivalence relations (i.e., BD, DF, CE, etc.). All participants exhibited classes consistent with the arbitrary matching training. They were also exposed also to an event‐related potential procedure like that used in Experiment 1. Some received the ERP procedure before equivalence tests and some after. Only those participants who received ERP procedures after equivalence tests exhibited robust N400 differentiation initially. The positivity observed in Experiment 1 was absent for all participants. These results support speculations that equivalence tests may provide contextual support for the formation of equivalence classes including those that emerge gradually during testing. 相似文献
704.
Carolyn E. Schwartz Penelope M. Keyl John P. Marcum Rita Bode 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2009,10(4):431-448
Objectives Adults who engage in altruistic social interest behaviors experience better mental health and have lower mortality rates
than non-altruistic adults. The present study investigated the relationship between altruism and health and well-being in
teens, and demographic and lifestyle variables. Methods A cross-sectional survey was implemented with a national sample of teens recruited through the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.).
Measures included the PedsQL, the Ryff Psychological Well-Being Scale, and a new self-report scale of Altruism (subscales:
Receiving/ Providing Emotional Support, Family Helping Behavior, General Helping Behavior, and Helping Orientation). Results Data were collected from 457 teens (M age = 15.6, sd 1.2). Psychometric analyses revealed that a five-factor model fit the
altruism data well. Multivariate regression revealed no association between providing emotional support and psychosocial health.
There were, however, many associations between altruism and well-being, and differential associations by gender. Family helping
was the most salient aspect of altruism for males, showing associations with positive social relations, purpose in life, and
self-acceptance. For females, General Helping Behavior was associated with positive social relations, and Helping Orientation
was associated with better purpose in life. Family Helping was associated with better physical health in females, but not
for males. The only correlates of altruism were higher age, more physical activity, and engaging in positive religious coping.
Conclusions Altruism is positively associated with health for females and with well-being for both males and females. Different gender-specific
interventions to guide teens in doing more altruistic activities may have to be designed to capitalize on these different
associations.
相似文献
Carolyn E. SchwartzEmail: |
705.
When Are Tutorial Dialogues More Effective Than Reading? 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
It is often assumed that engaging in a one-on-one dialogue with a tutor is more effective than listening to a lecture or reading a text. Although earlier experiments have not always supported this hypothesis, this may be due in part to allowing the tutors to cover different content than the noninteractive instruction. In 7 experiments, we tested the interaction hypothesis under the constraint that (a) all students covered the same content during instruction, (b) the task domain was qualitative physics, (c) the instruction was in natural language as opposed to mathematical or other formal languages, and (d) the instruction conformed with a widely observed pattern in human tutoring: Graesser, Person, and Magliano's 5-step frame. In the experiments, we compared 2 kinds of human tutoring (spoken and computer mediated) with 2 kinds of natural-language-based computer tutoring (Why2-Atlas and Why2-AutoTutor) and 3 control conditions that involved studying texts. The results depended on whether the students' preparation matched the content of the instruction. When novices (students who had not taken college physics) studied content that was written for intermediates (students who had taken college physics), then tutorial dialogue was reliably more beneficial than less interactive instruction, with large effect sizes. When novices studied material written for novices or intermediates studied material written for intermediates, then tutorial dialogue was not reliably more effective than the text-based control conditions. 相似文献
706.
Rossow I Ystgaard M Hawton K Madge N van Heeringen K de Wilde EJ DeLeo D Fekete S Morey C 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2007,37(6):605-615
How differences in drinking patterns may affect the impact of alcohol consumption on deliberate self-harm among adolescents is explored in this international comparative study. Schools in Australia, Belgium, England, Hungary, Ireland, the Netherlands, and Norway (N = 30,532) were surveyed. In all countries the risk of deliberate self-harm was significantly elevated among adolescents who reported some or numerous episodes of intoxication, controlling for confounding factors. The results support the assumption that intoxication is significantly related to the association between alcohol consumption and deliberate self-harm in adolescents. 相似文献
707.
The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties and clinical utility of the Children's Automatic Thoughts Scale (CATS; Schniering, C. A., & Rapee, R. M. (2002). Development and validation of a measure of children's automatic thoughts: The Children's Automatic Thoughts Scale. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 1091-1109) in a large sample of anxious youth. The participants were 891 referred children and adolescents. Participants completed the CATS and a wide range of symptom measures, and were assessed via a structured diagnostic interview. Previous community-based psychometric properties were confirmed. The scale was highly sensitive to treatment change, and showed evidence of cognitive specificity with reductions in threat and failure beliefs, but not in hostility beliefs following treatment. The CATS demonstrated good convergent validity with related anxiety and depression scales, and moderate discriminant validity was found across anxious, anxious-depressed and anxious-oppositional groups. Implications for the assessment of child anxiety, and difficulties around children "faking good" on anxiety measures are discussed. 相似文献
708.
Horne MR Martin GM Harley CW Skinner DM 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》2007,33(2):92-99
Place learning is impaired when a single plus maze is moved between adjacent locations 33-120 cm apart. This maze translation creates distinct start locations but maintains a single goal location with respect to distal cues. Hippocampal cell recording data suggest the majority of place fields are tied to apparatus boundaries, not to distal cues, when an apparatus is moved these distances to the left or right. Thus, rats may fail to appreciate the existence of multiple start locations with respect to distal cues when the maze is moved in this way and their start location on the surface is constant. Performance on the single plus maze problem was improved when texture cues were correlated with different start locations. Place learning was supported when multiple start locations were provided on a single large surface (double plus maze), even though rats did not explore the entire surface. Place learning was also supported when random extensions were added to a double plus maze such that start locations, relative to surface boundaries, were not informative as to goal location. This outcome suggests sensitivity to multiple start locations is required for distal cue use in translational place problems. 相似文献
709.
Jeff Sigafoos Mark O’Reilly Helen Cannella Chaturi Edrisinha Berenice de la Cruz Megha Upadhyaya Giulio E. Lancioni Anna Hundley Alonzo Andrews Carolyn Garver David Young 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2007,16(2):93-109
We evaluated a video prompting and fading procedure for teaching three adults with developmental disabilities to wash dishes.
Video prompting involved showing video clips depicting each step of the task. All three adults reached 90–100% correct when
video prompting was implemented. Following acquisition, video prompting was withdrawn, but performance deteriorated. Subsequently,
a 3-step fading procedure was implemented in which the separate video clips were merged to form larger, multi-step segments
of video. Performance reached 80–100% correct as the video prompts were re-applied and then faded. Performance decreased at
the 3-month follow-up when prompting was removed, but stabilized at 80–90% correct when the third step in the fading sequence
was reinstated. These data suggest a promising approach for fading video prompts. 相似文献
710.
A temporal-specific and transient cAMP increase characterizes odorant classical conditioning
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Cui W Smith A Darby-King A Harley CW McLean JH 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2007,14(3):126-133
Increases in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) are proposed to initiate learning in a wide variety of species. Here, we measure changes in cAMP in the olfactory bulb prior to, during, and following a classically conditioned odor preference trial in rat pups. Measurements were taken up to the point of maximal CREB phosphorylation in olfactory bulb mitral cells. Using both drug and natural unconditioned stimuli we found effective learning was associated with an increase in cAMP at the end of the conditioning trial, followed by a decrease 5 min later. This early timing of a transient cAMP increase occurred only when the odor was paired with an effective drug or natural unconditioned stimulus (US). The data support the hypothesis that the rate of adenylate cyclase activation is enhanced by pairing calcium and G-protein activation and that the timing of transient cAMP signaling is critical to the initiation of classical conditioning. 相似文献