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171.
Ronald M. Rapee Therese Shaw Caroline Hunt Kay Bussey Jennifer L. Hudson Cathrine Mihalopoulos Clare Roberts Sally Fitzpatrick Naomi Radom Tommy Cordin Melanie Epstein Donna Cross 《Aggressive behavior》2020,46(3):193-209
Despite the extensive evaluation of school-based interventions for bullying, victimization remains a significant problem in schools. Bullying victimization is significantly predicted by contextual (school-related) factors. As a consequence whole-school programs have been commonly used to prevent and reduce bullying victimization. Evidence also points to individual risk factors (such as emotional distress) in predicting victimization, yet programs to prevent bullying victimization by changing these individual risks are far less developed. Few studies have approximated “real-world” implementation conditions in their trials. The current effectiveness trial evaluated the combination of a whole-school program designed to prevent bullying perpetration and victimization together with a targeted intervention for at-risk students, teaching them individual and dyadic strategies to reduce their anxiety and manage victimization, allowing schools some latitude to implement programs as they typically would. Students from Grades 3 and 4 (N = 8,732) across 135 schools were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: combined intervention; whole-school intervention only; individual intervention only; and care as usual. Victimization decreased significantly and similarly across all four conditions at 12 and 24 months following baseline. Similar reductions and failure to discriminate conditions were found on other key constructs: anxiety; bullying perpetration; and depression. Possible reasons for the failure to demonstrate victimization prevention differences and lessons learned from this large, effectiveness trial are considered. 相似文献
172.
Micah B. Goldwater Samuel J. Gershman Caroline Moul Charles Ludowici Amy Burton Brittany Killer Rebecca‐Lee Kuhnert Kate Ridgway 《Developmental science》2020,23(5)
Research into the development of Theory of Mind (ToM) has shown how children from a very early age infer other people's goals. However, human behaviour is sometimes driven not by plans to achieve goals, but by habits, which are formed over long periods of reinforcement. Habitual and goal‐directed behaviours are often aligned with one another but can diverge when the optimal behavioural policy changes without being directly reinforced (thus specifically hobbling the habitual learning strategy). Unlike the flexibility of goal‐directed behaviour, rigid habits can cause agents to persist in behaviour that is no longer adaptive. In the current study, all children predict agents will tend to behave consistently with their goals, but between the ages of 5 and 10, children showed an increasing understanding of how habits can cause agents to persistently take suboptimal actions. These findings stand out from the typical way the development of social reasoning is examined, which instead focuses on children's increasing appreciation of how others' beliefs or expectations affect how they will act in service of their goals. The current findings show that children also learn that under certain circumstances, people's actions are suboptimal despite potentially ‘knowing better.’ 相似文献
173.
Barron GC 《Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association》2006,54(3):903-917
Awkward moments often arise between patient and analyst involving the question, "What do we call each other?" The manner in which the dyad address each other contains material central to the patient's inner life. Names, like dreams, deserve a privileged status as providing a royal road into the paradoxical analytic relationship and the unconscious conflicts that feed it. Whether an analyst addresses the patient formally, informally, or not at all, awareness of the issues surrounding names is important. 相似文献
174.
We compared right-handed familial dextral (FS-) and familial sinistral (FS+) participants who were aged either 10-13 years (children) or 18-23 years (adults). In word probe and associative probe tasks, FS+ adults responded faster than all other groups and FS+ children responded more slowly than all other groups. In the word probe task, only the FS- adults showed a significant effect of the serial position of the target word. We interpret these differences to support an analysis-by-synthesis model of comprehension in which individuals who differ in familial handedness and age emphasize different linguistic representations during comprehension. In general, FS+ individuals focus on words and meaning, while FS- individuals focus on syntactic representations. In FS+ individuals, age-related experiences with language produce a shift in responding from compositional meaning to words and their associations. In FS- individuals, age-related experiences with language produce a shift toward responding based more on detailed syntactic representations, including the serial order of words and possibly the structural roles of clauses. 相似文献
175.
Recent reviews of synesthesia concentrate upon rare neurodevelopmental examples and exclude common olfactory-induced experiences with which they may profitably be compared. Like the neurodevelopmental synesthesias, odor-induced experiences involve different sensory modalities; are reliable, asymmetric (concurrents cannot induce), and automatic; and the inducer-concurrent relationship is learnt. Unlike neurodevelopmental synesthesias, these experiences are universal and their synesthetic nature goes unrecognized. Olfaction's ability to universally induce concurrents may result from its unique neuroanatomy, affording dual access to neocortex. We propose that concurrents arise here via a twofold process: by direct neocortical activation, which recovers a configural memory, and by attribution of this memory to the olfactory modality by thalamic attentional processes. The implications of this for other forms of synesthesia are then examined. 相似文献
176.
Caroline Hummels 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》2007,20(1):19-29
This paper illustrates my quest for diversity, more specifically resonant interaction with products. Resonance occurs due
to the perfect interplay between a person and a product. It evokes strong positive emotions, unique accompanying behaviour,
heightened awareness and cognitive processing. In this paper, I first explain the importance of diversifying designs, especially
now we are pursuing the next generation of digital products. I show that designing for resonance can be a way to achieve diversity.
I clarify the concept of resonance and resonant interaction. Subsequently, I explain the importance of research through design
to study this phenomenon, i.e., by designing in a way that results in experiential prototypes, and subsequently testing these
prototypes, scientific knowledge can be generated. Through these prototypes, I study the relationship between the individual
user with his concerns, values, personality, skills, senses and effectivities on the one hand, and the interaction and product
characteristics on the other hand. The paper concludes with two studies illustrating the way of working and the kind of answers
I am obtaining with respect to resonant interaction. It appears that one can design for personality and prolong positive emotions
even after the interaction has stopped, which strengthens the case for searching for salient aspects of resonant interaction. 相似文献
177.
178.
Radtke HB Sebold CD Allison C Haidle JL Schneider G 《Journal of genetic counseling》2007,16(4):387-407
The objective of this document is to provide recommendations for the genetic counseling of patients and families undergoing
evaluation for neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) or who have received a diagnosis of NF1. These recommendations are the opinions
of a multi-center working group of genetic counselors with expertise in the care of individuals with NF1. These recommendations
are based on the committee’s clinical experiences, a review of pertinent English language medical articles, and reports of
expert committees. These recommendations are not intended to dictate an exclusive course of management, nor does the use of
such recommendations guarantee a particular outcome. These recommendations do not displace a health care provider’s professional
judgment based on the clinical circumstances of an individual patient.
Both Heather B. Radtke and Courtney D. Sebold contributed equally to this document. 相似文献
179.
Russ Curtis Phyllis Robertson Amy Forst Caroline Bradford 《Counselling and Psychotherapy Research》2007,7(4):203-210
Purpose: Postpartum mood disorders (PMDs), the distressing mental and emotional symptoms experienced by women after childbirth, are just now receiving the attention they warrant. Given the serious and sometimes life‐threatening nature of PMDs, we used a qualitative research design to examine more closely the nature of symptoms experienced and the effective strategies women used to cope with PMD. Participants: The respondents were 252 members of PMD and breast‐feeding (La Leche League) support groups throughout the United States. Method: Participants responded anonymously to open‐ended questions in an online survey. The data were reviewed by the research team to determine common themes and prevailing issues. Results: Participants reported myriad different symptoms and used a host of various strategies to alleviate problematic thoughts, feelings, and behaviours following childbirth. Postpartum symptoms affected participants’ plans to have future children. For some women, symptoms became more intense during subsequent births. Despite the problematic nature of PMD, more than half of the participants reported receiving little or no information from healthcare providers about PMDs. Implications for counsellors and other healthcare providers are discussed in detail. 相似文献
180.
Using negative and positive measures of subjective well-being (SWB), we compared reports of 29 youth with cancer to a matched
control sample of 29 youth. Youth with cancer did not differ from healthy controls on self-report measures of life satisfaction,
hope, positive affect, or negative affect. Scores on measures of hope were positively correlated with time since diagnosis;
none of the other SWB variables was significantly related to time since diagnosis. Except for negative affect, moderate correlations
were found between parents’ reports of their own SWB and their youths’ self-reported SWB. Parents’ estimates of their youths’
SWB were also moderately associated with youth self-reports, except for negative affect. Parents of youth with cancer and
their youth may use different criteria for reporting the nature and frequency of negative affect, but use similar criteria
for reporting positive affect and other positive measures (hope, life satisfaction). Implications for more comprehensive assessments
of the well-being of pediatric oncology patients are discussed. 相似文献