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691.
Patients with schizophrenia (n = 24) matched with 24 normal subjects were presented with both words and pictures. On a recognition memory task, they were asked to give remember, know, or guess responses to items that were recognized on the basis of conscious recollection, familiarity, or guessing, respectively. Compared with normal subjects, patients exhibited a lower picture superiority effect selectively related to remember responses. Unlike normal subjects, they did not exhibit any word superiority effect in relation to guess responses; this explains why the overall picture superiority effect appeared to be intact. These results emphasize the need to take into account the subjective states of awareness when analyzing memory impairments in schizophrenia. 相似文献
692.
This paper discusses the general problem of translation functions between logics, given in axiomatic form, and in particular, the problem of determining when two such logics are synonymous or translationally equivalent. We discuss a proposed formal definition of translational equivalence, show why it is reasonable, and also discuss its relation to earlier definitions in the literature. We also give a simple criterion for showing that two modal logics are not translationally equivalent, and apply this to well-known examples. Some philosophical morals are drawn concerning the possibility of having two logical systems that are empirically distinct but are both translationally equivalent to a common logic. 相似文献
693.
Incremental planning in sequence production 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
People produce long sequences such as speech and music with incremental planning: mental preparation of a subset of sequence events. The authors model in music performance the sequence events that can be retrieved and prepared during production. Events are encoded in terms of their serial order and timing relative to other events in a planning increment, a contextually determined distribution of event activations. Planning is facilitated by events' metrical similarity and serial/temporal proximity and by developmental changes in short-term memory. The model's predictions of larger planning increments as production rate decreases and as producers' age-experience increases are confirmed in serial-ordering errors produced by adults and children. Incremental planning is considered as a general retrieval constraint in serially ordered behaviors. 相似文献
694.
An important distinguishing feature of one group of personality disorders is the wish of the sufferer to seek treatment. For another group this wish is rarely entertained. Although there is some variation between different types of personality disorder the wish to change is not confined to any one diagnostic category. A useful subclassification of personality disorders is therefore into Type R (treatment rejecting) and Type S (treatment seeking) personality disorders, and these are defined operationally. The classification of 68 personality disordered patients on the caseload of an assertive community team using a simple scale showed a 3 to 1 ratio between Type R and Type S personality disorders with Cluster C personality disorders being significantly more likely to be Type S, and paranoid and schizoid (Cluster A) personality disorders significantly more likely to be Type R than others. It is suggested that this typology is useful for those contemplating treatment with those who have personality disorders. 相似文献
695.
Liang J Shaw BA Krause NM Bennett JM Blaum C Kobayashi E Fukaya T Sugihara Y Sugisawa H 《Psychology and aging》2003,18(4):684-695
This research aimed to chart the trajectories of functional status in old age in Japan and to assess how self-rated health and cognitive functioning differentiate these trajectories and account for interpersonal differences. Data came from a 5-wave panel study of a national sample of 2,200 Japanese older adults between 1987 and 1999. The sample as a whole showed an accelerated increase in functional limitations with age. approximated by a quadratic function. More important, 3 major trajectories of functional change were identified: (a) minimal functional decrement, (b) early onset of functional impairment. and (c) late onset of functional impairment. These findings may serve as useful benchmarks for observations derived from other developed nations. 相似文献
696.
In free recall tasks, when low- and high-frequency items are mixed within the to-be-remembered lists, the usual recall advantage
found for high-frequency words is eliminated or reversed. Recently, this mixedlist paradox has also been demonstrated for
short-term serial recall (Hulme, Stuart, Brown, & Morin, 2003). Although a number of theoretical interpretations of this mixed-list
paradox have been proposed, researchers have also suggested that it could simply be a result of participant-controlled strategies
(M. J. Watkins, LeCompte, & Kim, 2000). The present study was designed to assess whether this explanation could be applied
to immediate and delayed serial recall. The results showed that high-frequency words were recalled better than low-frequency
words in pure lists, but that this effect was eliminated in mixed lists, whether they were given under intentional or incidental
learning conditions. This pattern suggests that the mixed-list paradox cannot be explained by participant-controlled strategies. 相似文献
697.
698.
Selective attentional biases were examined amongst individuals varying in levels of physical anxiety sensitivity. The dot-probe paradigm was used to examine attention towards anxiety symptomatology, social threat and positive words. Stimuli were presented above (unmasked) and below (masked) the level of conscious awareness. High physical anxiety sensitivity was associated with attentional vigilance for anxiety symptomatology words in both unmasked and masked conditions. For positive words, however, those high in anxiety sensitivity were found to avoid such stimuli when they were masked, whereas they exhibited a relative vigilance when unmasked. If the differences between awareness conditions are reliable, then the impact of the automatic vigilance for threat might be modified by conscious attempts to direct attention towards other types of stimuli. 相似文献
699.
Color-naming latencies to noncolor words and nonwords were faster when the onset or final phoneme of the displays corresponded to the onset or final phoneme of the color response. For example, for displays printed in red, the word rack and nonword rask, which share the initial onset phoneme with the response, led to faster naming than did the control word chap and nonword chup. Conversely, when the onset or final phoneme of the displays matched the onset or final phoneme of a conflicting color response (e.g., rack printed in blue), latencies were longer than to control items. Facilitation effects were stronger than interference effects, and the onset phoneme facilitation effect was augmented by coloring only the initial letter in the display. It is hypothesized that nonlexical processes that govern the translation of print to speech may be a source of facilitation in Stroop-like tasks, whereas lexical processes are more likely to contribute to interference. 相似文献
700.
The relationship between the drive for muscularity and anthropometric measures of muscularity and adiposity 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Researchers have found consistently positive associations between women's body dissatisfaction and the desire to be thin and anthropometric indices of the amount of body fat they care on their frame. However, with the increasing emphasis being given to men's body image concerns, such as the drive for muscularity, it is important to study the relationship between men's desire to become more muscular and the actual amount of muscle they carry on their frames. That is, because men who want to become muscular can achieve that through strength training, do those with a high drive for muscularity have a high level of muscle mass? We explored this issue in a sample of 100 college-aged men and found that only one of four anthropometric measure of muscularity (flexed bicep circumference) was predictive of engaging in muscularity-oriented behaviors, while none predicted attitudes about becoming more muscular. These findings suggest either that men's drive for muscularity is unrelated to their actual level of muscularity or that current anthropometric indices are not accurate enough for a significant relationship to emerge. Suggestions for future research and study limitations were discussed. 相似文献